Degree of polarization of light scattered from correlated surface and bulk disorders
Banon, J. P., I. Simonsen, and R. Carminati
Optics Express 31, no. 17, 28026-28039 (2023)
Résumé: Using a single scattering theory, we derive the expression of the degree of polarization of the light scattered from a layer exhibiting both surface and volume scattering. The expression puts forward the intimate connection between the degree of polarization and the statistical correlation between surface and volume disorders. It also permits a quantitative analysis of depolarization for uncorrelated, partially correlated and perfectly correlated disorders. We show that measuring the degree of polarization could allow one to assess the surface-volume correlation function, and that, reciprocally, the degree of polarization could be engineered by an appropriate design of the correlation function.
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Low- and high-energy localization landscapes for tight-binding Hamiltonians in two-dimensional lattices
Razo-López, L. A., G. J. Aubry, M. Filoche, and F. Mortessagne
Physical Review Research 5, no. 2 (2023)
Résumé: Localization of electronic wave functions in modern two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene can impact drastically their transport and magnetic properties. The recent localization landscape (LL) theory has brought many tools and theoretical results to understand such localization phenomena in the continuous setting, but with very few extensions so far to the discrete realm or to tight-binding Hamiltonians. In this paper, we show how this approach can be extended to almost all known 2D lattices and propose a systematic way of designing LL even for higher dimensions. We demonstrate in detail how this LL theory works and predicts accurately not only the locations, but also the energies of localized eigenfunctions in the low- and high-energy regimes for the honeycomb and hexagonal lattices, making it a highly promising tool for investigating the role of disorder in these materials.
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Modeling of full-field optical coherence tomography in scattering media
Tricoli, U., and R. Carminati
Journal of the Optical Society of America A 36, no. 11, C122 (2019)
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Mathematical Analysis of Plasmonic Nanoparticles: The Scalar Case
Ammari, H., P. Millien, M. Ruiz, and H. Zhang
Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 224, no. 2, 597-658 (2017)
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Shape and size dependence of dipolar plasmonic resonance of nanoparticles
Ammari, H., and P. Millien
Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 129, 242-265 (2019)
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Subwavelength resonant dielectric nanoparticles with high refractive indices
Ammari, H., A. Dabrowski, B. Fitzpatrick, P. Millien, and M. Sini
Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 42, no. 18, 6567-6579 (2019)
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Mathematical modelling of plasmonic strain sensors
Ammari, H., P. Millien, and A. L. Vanel
Journal of Inverse and Ill-posed Problems 30, no. 1, 117-126 (2020)
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Perturbation of the scattering resonances of an open cavity by small particles. Part I: the transverse magnetic polarization case
Ammari, H., A. Dabrowski, B. Fitzpatrick, and P. Millien
Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 71, no. 4 (2020)
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Stability for Finite Element Discretization of Some Inverse Parameter Problems from Internal Data: Application to Elastography
Bretin, E., P. Millien, and L. Seppecher
SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 16, no. 1, 340-367 (2023)
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Perturbations of the scattering resonances of an open cavity by small particles: Part II—the transverse electric polarization case
Ammari, H., A. Dabrowski, B. Fitzpatrick, and P. Millien
Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 72, no. 2 (2021)
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Modal approximation for plasmonic resonators in the time domain: the scalar case
Baldassari, L., P. Millien, and A. L. Vanel
Partial Differential Equations and Applications 2, no. 4 (2021)
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Localization landscape for interacting Bose gases in one-dimensional speckle potentials
Stellin, F., M. Filoche, and F. Dias
Physical Review A 107, no. 4 (2023)
Résumé: While the properties and the shape of the ground state of a gas of ultracold bosons are well understood in harmonic potentials, they remain for a large part unknown in the case of random potentials. Here we use localization-landscape (LL) theory to study the properties of the solutions to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) in one-dimensional (1D) speckle potentials. In the cases of attractive interactions, we find that the LL allows one to predict the position of the localization center of the ground state (GS) of the GPE. For weakly repulsive interactions, we point out that the GS of the quasi-1D GPE can be understood as a superposition of a finite number
of single-particle states, which can be computed by exploiting the LL. For intermediate repulsive interactions, we introduce a Thomas-Fermi-like approach for the GS which holds in the smoothing regime, well beyond the usual approximation involving the original potential. Moreover, we show that, in the Lifshitz glass regime, the particle
density and the chemical potential can be well estimated by the LL. Our approach can be applied to any positivevalued random potential endowed with finite-range correlations and can be generalized to higher-dimensional systems.
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Restoring and tailoring very high dimensional spatial entanglement of a biphoton state transmitted through a scattering medium
Devaux, F., A. Mosset, S. M. Popoff, and E. Lantz
Journal of Optics 25, no. 5, 055201 (2023)
Résumé: We report experimental results where a momentum entangled biphoton state with a Schmidt number of a few thousand is retrieved and manipulated when only one photon of the pair is transmitted through a thin scattering medium. For this purpose, the transmission matrix of the complex medium is first measured with a phase-shifting interferometry measurement method using a spatial light modulator (SLM) illuminated with a laser source. From this matrix, different phase masks are calculated and addressed on the SLM to spatially control the focusing of the laser through the complex medium. These same masks are used to manipulate the phase of the biphoton wave function transmitted by the thin diffuser in order to restore and control in the same way the momentum correlations between the far-field images of twin beams issued from strongly spatial-multi-mode spontaneous parametric down conversion.
Mots-clés: quantum optics, entenglement, wavefront shaping, scattering media
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Superresolved Imaging Based on Spatiotemporal Wave-Front Shaping
Noetinger, G., S. Métais, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, S. M. Popoff, and F. Lemoult
Physical Review Applied 19, no. 2 (2023)
Résumé: A label-free approach to improving the performances of confocal scanning imaging is proposed. We experimentally demonstrate its feasibility using acoustic waves. It relies on a way to encode spatial information using the temporal dimension. By moving an emitter, used to insonify an object, along a circular path, we create a temporally modulated wavefield. Because of the symmetries of the problem, the spatiotemporal input field can be decomposed into harmonics corresponding to different spatial vortices. Acquiring the back-reflected waves with receivers that are also rotating, multiple images of the same object with different point spread functions are obtained. Not only is the resolution improved compared to a standard confocal configuration, but the accumulation of information also allows the building of images that beat the diffraction limit.
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Super-localisation of a point-like emitter in a resonant environment: Correction of the mirage effect
Baldassari, L., P. Millien, and A. L. Vanel
Inverse Problems and Imaging 17, no. 2, 490-506 (2023)
Résumé: In this paper, we show that it is possible to overcome one of the fundamental limitations of super-resolution microscopy: the necessity to be in an optically homogeneous environment. Using recent modal approximation results from [10, 7], we show, as a proof of concept, that it is possible to recover the position of a single point-like emitter in a known resonant environment from far-field measurements, with a precision two orders of magnitude below the classical Rayleigh limit. The procedure does not involve solving any partial differential equation, is computationally light (optimisation in Rd with d of the order of 10) and is therefore suited for the recovery of a very large number of single emitters.
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Coherent backscattering of entangled photon pairs
Safadi, M., O. Lib, H. C. Lin, C. W. Hsu, A. Goetschy, and Y. Bromberg
Nature Physics (2023)
Résumé: Correlations between entangled photons are a key ingredient for testing fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for quantum technologies. However, scattering from a dynamic medium typically scrambles and averages out such correlations. Here we show that multiply scattered entangled photons reflected from a dynamic complex medium remain partially correlated. In experiments and full-wave simulations we observe enhanced correlations, within an angular range determined by the transport mean free path, which prevail over disorder averaging. Theoretical analysis reveals that this enhancement arises from the interference between scattering trajectories, in which the photons leave the sample and are then virtually reinjected back into it. These paths are the quantum counterpart of the paths that lead to the coherent backscattering of classical light. This work points to opportunities for entanglement transport despite dynamic multiple scattering in complex systems.
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The Electronic Disorder Landscape of Mixed Halide Perovskites
Liu, Y., J. P. Banon, K. Frohna, Y. H. Chiang, G. Tumen-Ulzii, S. D. Stranks, M. Filoche, and R. H. Friend
ACS Energy Letters 8, no. 1, 250-258 (2023)
Résumé: Band gap tunability of lead mixed halide perovskites makes them promising candidates for various applications in optoelectronics. Here we use the localization landscape theory to reveal that the static disorder due to iodide:bromide compositional alloying contributes at most 3 meV to the Urbach energy. Our modeling reveals that the reason for this small contribution is due to the small effective masses in perovskites, resulting in a natural length scale of around 20 nm for the “effective confining potential” for electrons and holes, with short-range potential fluctuations smoothed out. The increase in Urbach energy across the compositional range agrees well with our optical absorption measurements. We model systems of sizes up to 80 nm in three dimensions, allowing us to accurately reproduce the experimentally observed absorption spectra of perovskites with halide segregation. Our results suggest that we should look beyond static contribution and focus on the dynamic temperature dependent contribution to the Urbach energy.
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Reconstructing the Spatial Distribution of the Relative Shear Modulus in Quasi-static Ultrasound Elastography: Plane Stress Analysis
Seppecher, L., E. Bretin, P. Millien, L. Petrusca, and E. Brusseau
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (2023)
Résumé: Quasi-static ultrasound elastography (QSUE) is an imaging technique that mainly provides axial strain maps of tissues when the latter are subjected to compression. In this article, a method for reconstructing the relative shear modulus distribution within a linear elastic and isotropic medium, in QSUE, is introduced. More specifically, the plane stress inverse problem is considered. The proposed method is based on the variational formulation of the equilibrium equations and on the choice of adapted discretization spaces, and only requires displacement fields in the analyzed media to be determined. Results from plane stress and 3-D numerical simulations, as well as from phantom experiments, showed that the method is able to reconstruct the different regions within a medium, with shear modulus contrasts that unambiguously reveal whether inclusions are stiffer or softer than the surrounding material. More specifically, for the plane stress simulations, inclusion-to-background modulus ratios were found to be very accurately estimated, with an error lower than 3%. For the 3-D simulations, for which the plane stress conditions are no longer satisfied, these ratios were, as expected, less accurate, with an error that remained lower than 10% for two of the three cases analyzed but was around 34% for the last case. Concerning the phantom experiments, a comparison with a shear wave elastography technique from a clinical ultrasound scanner was also made. Overall, the inclusion-to-background shear modulus ratios obtained with our approach were found to be closer to those given by the phantom manufacturer than the ratios provided by the clinical system.
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Speckle Decorrelation in Fundamental and Second-Harmonic Light Scattered from Nonlinear Disorder
Samanta, R., R. Pierrat, R. Carminati, and S. Mujumdar
Physical Review Applied 18, no. 5 (2022)
Résumé: Speckle patterns generated in a disordered medium carry a lot of information despite the apparent complete randomness in the intensity pattern. When the medium possesses ?(2) nonlinearity, the speckle is sensitive to the phase of the incident fundamental light, as well as the light generated within. Here, we examine the speckle decorrelation in the fundamental and second-harmonic transmitted light as a function of the varying power in the fundamental beam. At low incident powers, the speckle patterns produced by successive pulses exhibit strong correlations, which decrease with increasing power. The average correlation in the second-harmonic speckle decays faster than in the fundamental speckle. Next, we construct a theoretical model, backed up by numerical computations, to obtain deeper physical insights into the faster decorrelations in the second-harmonic light. While providing excellent qualitative agreement with the experiments, the model sheds light on the contribution of two effects in the correlations, namely, the generation of second-harmonic light and the propagation thereof.
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Pseudogap and Anderson localization of light in correlated disordered media
Monsarrat, R., R. Pierrat, A. Tourin, and A. Goetschy
Physical Review Research 4, no. 3 (2022)
Résumé: Among the remarkable scattering properties of correlated disordered materials, the origin of pseudogaps and the formation of localized states are some of the most puzzling features. Fundamental differences between scalar and vector waves in both these aspects make their comprehension even more problematic. Here we present an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the order-to-disorder transition in 2D resonant systems. We show with exact ab initio numerical simulations in finite-size hyperuniform media that localization of 2D vector waves can occur in the presence of correlated disorder, in a regime of moderate density of scatterers. On the contrary, no signature of localization is found for white noise disorder. This is in striking contrast with scalar waves, which localize at high density whatever the amount of correlation. For correlated materials, localization is associated with the formation of pseudogap in the density of states. We develop two complementary models to explain these observations. The first one uses an effective photonic crystal-type framework and the second relies on a diagrammatic treatment of the multiple scattering sequences. We provide explicit theoretical evaluations of the density of states and localization length in good agreement with numerical simulations. In this way, we identify the microscopic processes at the origin of pseudogap formation and clarify the role of the density of states for wave localization in resonant correlated media. The generality of our framework makes possible to apply our predictions for a large variety of scattering systems including dielectric structures with high quality factor, cold atoms, artificial atoms, as well as microwave resonators.
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Coherent enhancement of optical remission in diffusive media
Bender, N., A. Goetschy, C. W. Hsu, H. Yilmaz, P. J. Palacios, A. Yamilov, and H. Cao
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119, no. 41 (2022)
Résumé: Remitted waves are used for sensing and imaging in diverse diffusive media from the Earth's crust to the human brain. Separating the source and detector increases the penetration depth of light, but the signal strength decreases rapidly, leading to a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we show, experimentally and numerically, that wavefront shaping a laser beam incident on a diffusive sample enables an enhancement of remission by an order of magnitude at depths of up to 10 transport mean free paths. We develop a theoretical model which predicts the maximal remission enhancement. Our analysis reveals a significant improvement in the sensitivity of remitted waves to local changes of absorption deep inside diffusive media. This work illustrates the potential of coherent wavefront control for noninvasive diffuse wave imaging applications, such as diffuse optical tomography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
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Roadmap on wavefront shaping and deep imaging in complex media
Gigan, S., O. Katz, H. B. De Aguiar, E. R. Andresen, A. Aubry, J. Bertolotti, E. Bossy, D. Bouchet, J. Brake, S. Brasselet, Y. Bromberg, H. Cao, T. Chaigne, Z. Cheng, W. Choi, T. čižmár, M. Cui, V. R. Curtis, H. Defienne, M. Hofer, R. Horisaki, R. Horstmeyer, N. Ji, A. K. Laviolette, J. Mertz, C. Moser, A. P. Mosk, N. C. Pégard, R. Piestun, S. Popoff, D. B. Phillips, D. Psaltis, B. Rahmani, H. Rigneault, S. Rotter, L. Tian, I. M. Vellekoop, L. Waller, and Wan
Journal of Physics: Photonics 4, no. 4, 042501 (2022)
Résumé: The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow us to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working in this field, which has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Coalescence of Anderson-localized modes at an exceptional point in 2D random media
Bachelard, N., A. Schumer, B. Kumar, C. Garay, J. Arlandis, R. Touzani, and P. Sebbah
Optics Express 30, no. 11, 18098-18107 (2022)
Résumé: In non-Hermitian settings, the particular position at which two eigenstates coalesce in the complex plane under a variation of a physical parameter is called an exceptional point. An open disordered system is a special class of non-Hermitian system, where the degree of scattering directly controls the confinement of the modes. Herein a non-perturbative theory is proposed which describes the evolution of modes when the permittivity distribution of a 2D open dielectric system is modified, thereby facilitating to steer individual eigenstates to such a non-Hermitian degeneracy. The method is used to predict the position of such an exceptional point between two Anderson-localized states in a disordered scattering medium. We observe that the accuracy of the prediction depends on the number of localized states accounted for. Such an exceptional point is experimentally accessible in practically relevant disordered photonic systems.
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Purcell effect with extended sources: the role of the cross density of states
Carminati, R., and M. Gurioli
Optics Express 30, no. 10, 16174-16183 (2022)
Résumé: We analyze the change in the spontaneous decay rate, or Purcell effect, of an extended quantum emitter in a structured photonic environment. Based on a simple theory, we show that the cross density of states is the central quantity driving interferences in the emission process. Using numerical simulations in realistic photonic cavity geometries, we demonstrate that a structured cross density of states can induce subradiance or superradiance, and change substantially the emission spectrum. Interestingly, the spectral lineshape of the Purcell effect of an extended source cannot be predicted from the sole knowledge of the spectral dependence of the local density of states.
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Depth-targeted energy delivery deep inside scattering media
Bender, N., A. Yamilov, A. Goetschy, H. Yılmaz, C. W. Hsu, and H. Cao
Nature Physics (2022)
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Propagation of scalar waves in dense disordered media exhibiting short- And long-range correlations
Rohfritsch, A., J. M. Conoir, T. Valier-Brasier, R. Pierrat, and R. Marchiano
Physical Review E 104, no. 6 (2021)
Résumé: Correlated disorder is at the heart of numerous challenging problematics in physics. In this work we focus on the propagation of acoustic coherent waves in two-dimensional dense disordered media exhibiting long- and short-range structural correlations. The media are obtained by inserting elastic cylinders randomly in a stealth hyperuniform medium itself made up of cylinders. The properties of the coherent wave is studied using an original numerical software. In order to understand and discuss the complex physical phenomena occurring in the different media, we also make use of effective media models derived from the quasicrystalline approximation and the theory of Fikioris and Waterman that provides an explicit expression of the effective wave numbers. Our study shows a very good agreement between numerical and homogenization models up to very high concentrations of scatterers. This study shows that media with both short- and long-range correlations are of strong interest to design materials with original properties.
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Modal approximation for strictly convex plasmonic resonators in the time domain: The Maxwell's equations
Ammari, H., P. Millien, and A. L. Vanel
Journal of Differential Equations 309, 676-703 (2022)
Résumé: We study the possible expansion of the electromagnetic field scattered by a strictly convex metallic nanoparticle with dispersive material parameters placed in a homogeneous medium in a low-frequency regime as a sum of modes oscillating at complex frequencies (diverging at infinity), known in the physics literature as the quasi-normal modes expansion. We show that such an expansion is valid in the static regime and that we can approximate the electric field with a finite number of modes. We then use perturbative spectral theory to show the existence, in a certain regime, of plasmonic resonances as poles of the resolvent for Maxwell's equations with non-zero frequency. We show that, in the time domain, the electric field can be written as a sum of modes oscillating at complex frequencies. We introduce renormalised quantities that do not diverge exponentially at infinity.
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Full characterization of the transmission properties of a multi-plane light converter
Boucher, P., A. Goetschy, G. Sorelli, M. Walschaers, and N. Treps
Physical Review Research 3, no. 2 (2021)
Résumé: Multi-plane light conversion (MPLC) allows to perform arbitrary transformations on a finite set of spatial modes with no theoretical restriction to the quality of the transformation. Even though the number of shaped modes is in general small, the number of modes transmitted by an MPLC system is extremely large. In this paper, we aim to characterize the transmission properties of a multi-plane light converter inside and outside the design-modes subspace. We report the construction of the full transmission matrix of such systems. By performing singular value decompositions, we individuate ways to evaluate their efficiency in performing the design transformation. Moreover, we develop an analytical random matrix model that suggests that in the regime of a large number of shaped modes an MPLC system behaves like a random scattering medium with limited number of controlled channels.
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Universal Statistics of Waves in a Random Time-Varying Medium
Carminati, R., H. Chen, R. Pierrat, and B. Shapiro
Physical Review Letters 127, no. 9 (2021)
Résumé: We study the propagation of waves in a medium in which the wave velocity fluctuates randomly in time. We prove that at long times, the statistical distribution of the wave energy is log-normal, with the average energy growing exponentially. For weak disorder, another regime preexists at shorter times, in which the energy follows a negative exponential distribution, with an average value growing linearly with time. The theory is in perfect agreement with numerical simulations, and applies to different kinds of waves. The existence of such universal statistics bridges the fields of wave propagation in time-disordered and space-disordered media.
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Fourier transform acousto-optic imaging with off-axis holographic detection
Dutheil, L., M. Bocoum, M. Fink, S. M. Popoff, F. Ramaz, and J. M. Tualle
Applied Optics 60, no. 24, 7107-7112 (2021)
Résumé: Acousto-optic (AO) imaging is an in-depth optical imaging technique of highly scattering media. One challenging end-application for this technique is to perform imaging of living biological tissues. Indeed, because it relies on coherent illumination, AO imaging is sensitive to speckle decorrelation occurring on the millisecond time scale. Camera-based detections are well suited for in vivo imaging provided their integration time is lower than those decorrelation time scales. We present Fourier transform acousto-optic imaging combined with off-axis holography, which relies on plane waves and long-duration pulses. We demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a two-dimensional imaging system fully compatible with in vivo imaging prerequisites. The method is validated experimentally by performing in-depth imaging inside a multiple scattering sample.
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Localized modes revealed in random lasers
Kumar, B., R. Homri, Priyanka, S. K. Maurya, M. Lebental, and P. Sebbah
Optica 8, no. 8, 1033-1039 (2021)
Résumé: In sufficiently strong scattering media, light transport is suppressed and modes are exponentially localized. Andersonlike localized states have long been recognized as potential candidates for high-Q optical modes for low-threshold, cost-effective random lasers. Operating in this regime remains, however, a challenge since Anderson localization is difficult to achieve in optics, and nonlinear mode interaction compromises its observation. Here, we exhibit individually each lasing mode of a low-dimension solid-state random laser by applying a non-uniform optical gain. By undoing gain competition and cross-saturation, we demonstrate that all lasing modes are spatially localized.We find that selective excitation significantly reduces the lasing threshold, while lasing efficiency is greatly improved. We show further how their spatial locations are critical to boost laser power efficiency. By efficiently suppressing the spatial hole burning effect, we can turn on the optimally outcoupled random lasing modes. Our demonstration opens the road to the exploration of linear and nonlinear mode interactions in the presence of gain, as well as disorder-engineering for laser applications.
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Image Transmission Through a Dynamically Perturbed Multimode Fiber by Deep Learning
Resisi, S., S. M. Popoff, and Y. Bromberg
Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2000553 (2021)
Résumé: When multimode optical fibers are perturbed, the data that is transmitted through them is scrambled. This presents a major difficulty for many possible applications, such as multimode fiber based telecommunication and endoscopy. To overcome this challenge, a deep learning approach that generalizes over mechanical perturbations is presented. Using this approach, successful reconstruction of the input images from intensity-only measurements of speckle patterns at the output of a 1.5 m-long randomly perturbed multimode fiber is demonstrated. The model's success is explained by hidden correlations in the speckle of random fiber conformations.
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Learning and Avoiding Disorder in Multimode Fibers
Matthès, M. W., Y. Bromberg, J. De Rosny, and S. M. Popoff
Physical Review X 11, no. 2 (2021)
Résumé: Multimode optical fibers (MMFs) have gained renewed interest in the past decade, emerging as a way to boost optical communication data rates in the context of an expected saturation of current single-mode fiber-based networks. They are also attractive for endoscopic applications, offering the possibility to achieve a similar information content as multicore fibers, but with a much smaller footprint, thus reducing the invasiveness of endoscopic procedures. However, these advances are hindered by the unavoidable presence of disorder that affects the propagation of light in MMFs and limits their practical applications. We introduce here a general framework to study and avoid the effect of disorder in wave-based systems and demonstrate its application for multimode fibers. We experimentally find an almost complete set of optical channels that are resilient to disorder induced by strong deformations. These deformation principal modes are obtained by only exploiting measurements for weak perturbations harnessing the generalized Wigner-Smith operator. We explain this effect by demonstrating that, even for a high level of disorder, the propagation of light in MMFs can be characterized by just a few key properties. These results are made possible thanks to a precise and fast estimation of the modal transmission matrix of the fiber which relies on a model-based optimization using deep learning frameworks.
Mots-clés: multimode fiber; wavefront shaping; disorder; Wigner-Smith; telecommunications; transmission matrix
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Quantitative Temperature Measurements in Gold Nanorods Using Digital Holography
Lalisse, A., A. A. Mohtar, M. C. Nguyen, R. Carminati, J. Plain, and G. Tessier
ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces (2021)
Résumé: © Temperature characterization and quantification at the nanoscale remain core challenges in applications based on photoinduced heating of nanoparticles. Here, we propose a new approach to obtain quantitative temperature measurements on individual nanoparticles by combining modulated photothermal stimulation and heterodyne digital holography. From full-field reconstructed holograms, the temperature is determined with a precision of 0.3 K via a simple approach without requiring any calibration or fitting parameters. As an application, the dependence of temperature on the aspect ratio of gold nanoparticles is investigated. A good agreement with numerical simulation is observed.
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Quantitative Measurement of the Thermal Contact Resistance between a Glass Microsphere and a Plate
Doumouro, J., E. Perros, A. Dodu, N. Rahbany, D. Leprat, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Carminati, W. Poirier, and Y. De Wilde
Physical Review Applied 15, no. 1 (2021)
Résumé: © 2021 American Physical Society. Accurate measurements of the thermal resistance between micro-objects made of insulating materials are complex because of their small size, low conductivity, and the presence of various ill-defined gaps. We address this issue using a modified scanning thermal microscope operating in vacuum and in air. The sphere-plate geometry is considered. Under controlled heating power, we measure the temperature on top of a glass microsphere glued to the probe as it approaches a glass plate at room temperature with nanometer accuracy. In vacuum, a jump is observed at contact. From this jump in temperature and the modeling of the thermal resistance of a sphere, the sphere-plate contact resistance RK=(1.4±0.18)×107KW-1 and effective radius r=36±4 nm are obtained. In air, the temperature on top of the sphere shows a decrease starting from a sphere-plate distance of 200μm. A jump is also observed at contact, with a reduced amplitude. The sphere-plate coupling out of contact can be described by the resistance shape factor of a sphere in front of a plate in air, placed in a circuit involving a series and a parallel resistance that are determined by fitting the approach curve. The contact resistance in air RK - =(1.2±0.46)×107KW-1 is then estimated from the temperature jump. The method is quantitative without requiring any tedious multiple-scale numerical simulation, and is versatile to describe the coupling between micro-objects from large distances to contact in various environments.
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A direct linear inversion for discontinuous elastic parameters recovery from internal displacement information only
Ammari, H., E. Bretin, P. Millien, and L. Seppecher
Numerische Mathematik 147, no. 1, 189-226 (2021)
Résumé: © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze a new direct method for solving the linear elasticity inverse problem. Given measurements of some displacement fields inside a medium, we show that a stable reconstruction of elastic parameters is possible, even for discontinuous parameters and without boundary information. We provide a general approach based on the weak definition of the stiffness-to-force operator which conduces to see the problem as a linear system. We prove that in the case of shear modulus reconstruction, we have an L2 stability with only one measurement under minimal smoothness assumptions. This stability result is obtained through the proof that the linear operator to invert has closed range. We then describe a direct discretization which provides stable reconstructions of both isotropic and anisotropic stiffness tensors.
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Observations of symmetry-induced topological mode steering in a reconfigurable elastic plate
Tang, K., M. Makwana, R. V. Craster, and P. Sebbah
Physical Review B 102, no. 21 (2020)
Résumé: © 2020 American Physical Society. We experimentally investigate the valley-Hall effect for interfacial edge states, highlighting the importance of the modal patterns between geometrically distinct regions within a structured elastic plate. These experiments, for vibration, are at a scale where detailed measurements are taken throughout the system and not just at the input/output ports; this exposes the coupling between geometrically distinct modes that underlie the differences between wave transport around gentle and sharp bends.
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Perfect depolarization in single scattering of light from uncorrelated surface and volume disorder
Banon, J.-P., I. Simonsen, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 45, no. 23, 6354 (2020)
Résumé: © 2020 Optical Society of America We demonstrate that single scattering of p-polarized waves from uncorrelated surface and volume disorder can lead to perfect depolarization. The degree of polarization vanishes in specific scattering directions that can be characterized based on simple geometric arguments. Depolarization results from a different polarization response of each source of disorder, which provides a clear physical interpretation of the depolarization mechanism.
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Absorption of scalar waves in correlated disordered media and its maximization using stealth hyperuniformity
Sheremet, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A 101, no. 5, 053829 (2020)
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Origin of transparency in scattering biomimetic collagen materials
Salameh, C., F. Salviat, E. Bessot, M. Lama, J.-M. Chassot, E. Moulongui, Y. Wang, M. Robin, A. Bardouil, M. Selmane, F. Artzner, A. Marcellan, C. Sanchez, M.-M. Giraud-Guille, M. Faustini, R. Carminati, and N. Nassif
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 22, 11947-11953 (2020)
Résumé: Living tissues, heterogeneous at the microscale, usually scatter light. Strong scattering is responsible for the whiteness of bones, teeth, and brain and is known to limit severely the performances of biomedical optical imaging. Transparency is also found within collagen-based extracellular tissues such as decalcified ivory, fish scales, or cornea. However, its physical origin is still poorly understood. Here, we unveil the presence of a gap of transparency in scattering fibrillar collagen matrices within a narrow range of concentration in the phase diagram. This precholesteric phase presents a three-dimensional (3D) orientational order biomimetic of that in natural tissues. By quantitatively studying the relation between the 3D fibrillar network and the optical and mechanical properties of the macroscopic matrices, we show that transparency results from structural partial order inhibiting light scattering, while preserving mechanical stability, stiffness, and nonlinearity. The striking similarities between synthetic and natural materials provide insights for better understanding the occurring transparency.
Mots-clés: collagen; mechanical properties; photonic materials; self-assembly; transparency
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Single scattering of polarized light by correlated surface and volume disorder
Banon, J.-P., I. Simonsen, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A 101, no. 5 (2020)
Résumé: © 2020 American Physical Society. We study light scattering by systems combining randomly rough surface and volume dielectric fluctuations. We introduce a general model including correlations between surface and volume disorders, and we study the scattering properties within a single-scattering approach. We identify different regimes of surface and volume dominated scattering depending on length scales characterizing the surface and volume disorders. For uncorrelated disorders, we discuss the polarization response of each source of disorder, and show how polarimetric measurements can be used to separate the surface and volume contributions in the total measured diffusely scattered intensity. For correlated systems, we identify two configurations of volume disorder which, respectively, couple weakly or strongly to surface scattering via surface-volume cross correlations. We illustrate these effects on different configurations exhibiting interference patterns in the diffusely scattered intensity, which may be of interest for the characterization of complex systems or for the design of optical components by engineering the degree of surface-volume correlations.
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Influence of the Local Scattering Environment on the Localization Precision of Single Particles
Bouchet, D., R. Carminati, and A. P. Mosk
Physical Review Letters 124, no. 13, 133903 (2020)
Résumé: We study the fundamental limit on the localization precision for a subwavelength scatterer embedded in a strongly scattering environment, using the external degrees of freedom provided by wavefront shaping. For a weakly scattering target, the localization precision improves with the value of the local density of states at the target position. For a strongly scattering target, the localization precision depends on the dressed polarizability that includes the backaction of the environment. This numerical study provides new insights for the control of the information content of scattered light by wavefront shaping, with potential applications in sensing, imaging, and nanoscale engineering.
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Measuring cell displacements in opaque tissues: dynamic light scattering in the multiple scattering regime
Brunel, B., V. Levy, A. Millet, M. E. Dolega, A. Delon, R. Pierrat, and G. Cappello
Biomedical Optics Express 11, no. 4, 2277 (2020)
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Wavefront shaping in multimode fibers by transmission matrix engineering
Resisi, S., Y. Viernik, S. M. Popoff, and Y. Bromberg
APL Photonics 5, no. 3, 036103 (2020)
Résumé: © 2020 Author(s). We present a new approach for shaping light at the output of a multimode fiber by modulating the transmission matrix of the system rather than the incident light. We apply computer-controlled mechanical perturbations to the fiber and obtain a desired intensity pattern at its output resulting from the changes to its transmission matrix. Using an all-fiber apparatus, we demonstrate focusing light at the distal end of the fiber and dynamic conversion between fiber modes in the few-mode regime. Since in this approach the number of available degrees of control scales with the number of spectral channels and can thus be larger than the number of fiber modes, it potentially opens the door to simultaneous control over multiple inputs and at multiple wavelengths.
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Optimizing Light Storage in Scattering Media with the Dwell-Time Operator
Durand, M., S. M. Popoff, R. Carminati, and A. Goetschy
Physical Review Letters 123, no. 24 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 American Physical Society. We prove that optimal control of light energy storage in disordered media can be reached by wave front shaping. For this purpose, we build an operator for dwell times from the scattering matrix and characterize its full eigenvalue distribution both numerically and analytically in the diffusive regime, where the thickness L of the medium is much larger than the mean free path â.,". We show that the distribution has a finite support with a maximal dwell time larger than the most likely value by a factor (L/â.,")2≫1. This reveals that the highest dwell-time eigenstates deposit more energy than the open channels of the medium. Finally, we show that the dwell-time operator can be used to store energy in resonant targets buried in complex media, without any need for guide stars.
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Angular Memory Effect of Transmission Eigenchannels
Yllmaz, H., C. W. Hsu, A. Goetschy, S. Bittner, S. Rotter, A. Yamilov, and H. Cao
Physical Review Letters 123, no. 20 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 American Physical Society. The optical memory effect has emerged as a powerful tool for imaging through multiple-scattering media; however, the finite angular range of the memory effect limits the field of view. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that selective coupling of incident light into a high-transmission channel increases the angular memory-effect range. This enhancement is attributed to the robustness of the high-transmission channels against perturbations such as sample tilt or wave front tilt. Our work shows that the high-transmission channels provide an enhanced field of view for memory-effect-based imaging through diffusive media.
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Optical complex media as universal reconfigurable linear operators
Matthès, M. W., P. Del Hougne, J. De Rosny, G. Lerosey, and S. M. Popoff
Optica 6, no. 4, 465-472 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. Performing linear operations using optical devices is a crucial building block in many fields ranging from telecommunications to optical analog computation and machine learning. For many of these applications, key requirements are robustness to fabrication inaccuracies, reconfigurability, and scalability. We propose a way to perform linear operations using complex optical media such as multimode fibers or scattering media as a computational platform driven by wavefront shaping. Given a large random transmission matrix representing light propagation in such a medium, we can extract any desired smaller linear operator by finding suitable input and output projectors. We demonstrate this concept by finding input wavefronts using a spatial light modulator that cause the complex medium to act as a desired complex-valued linear operator on the optical field. We experimentally build several 16 × 16 operators and discuss the fundamental limits of the scalability of our approach. It offers the prospect of reconfigurable, robust, and easy-to-fabricate linear optical analog computation units.
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Blind ghost imaging
Paniagua-Diaz, A. M., I. Starshynov, N. Fayard, A. Goetschy, R. Pierrat, R. Carminati, and J. Bertolotti
Optica 6, no. 4, 460-464 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. Ghost imaging is an unconventional optical imaging technique that reconstructs the shape of an object by combining the measurement of two signals: one that interacted with the object, but without any spatial information; the other containing spatial information, but that never interacted with the object. Here we demonstrate that ghost imaging can be performed without ever knowing the patterns that illuminate the object, by instead using patterns correlated with them, no matter how weakly. As an experimental proof, we reconstruct the image of an object hidden behind a scattering layer using only the reflected light, which never interacts with the object.
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Coherent light propagation through cold atomic clouds beyond the independent scattering approximation
Kwong, C. C., D. Wilkowski, D. Delande, and R. Pierrat
Physical Review A 99, no. 4 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 American Physical Society. We calculate the relative permittivity of a cold atomic gas under weak probe illumination, up to second order in the density. Within the framework of a diagrammatic representation method, we identify all the second-order diagrams that enter into the description of the relative permittivity for coherent light transmission. These diagrams originate from pairwise position correlation and recurrent scattering. Using coupled dipole equations, we numerically simulate the coherent transmission with scalar and vector waves and find good agreement with the perturbative calculations. We applied this perturbative expansion approach to a classical gas at rest, but the method is extendable to thermal gas with finite atomic motion and to quantum gases where nontrivial pair correlations can be naturally included.
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Enhanced absorption of waves in stealth hyperuniform disordered media
Bigourdan, F., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Optics Express 27, no. 6, 8666-8682 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America We study the propagation of waves in a set of absorbing subwavelength scatterers positioned on a stealth hyperuniform point pattern. We show that spatial correlations in the disorder substantially enhance absorption compared to a fully disordered structure with the same density of scatterers. The non-resonant nature of the mechanism provides broad angular and spectral robustness. These results demonstrate the possibility to design low-density materials with blackbody-like absorption.
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Terahertz and Visible Probing of Particles Suspended in Air
Prophete, C., H. Sik, E. Kling, R. Carminati, and J. De Rosny
IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 9, no. 2, 120-125 (2019)
Résumé: © 2011-2012 IEEE. The attenuation of air suspended particles is measured with a terahertz (THz) time-domain spectrometer. Simultaneously, the attenuation at a wavelength of 650 nm is probed with a laser diode. On the one hand, this dual measurement allows a direct assessment of the visibility evolution in the THz range compared to the visible range. On the other hand, this setup provides an estimation of the scattering strength and the density of particles. Using the Mie theory, the method is successfully applied to experimentally characterize the refractive index of sand grains and glass beads. The refractive indexes of sand grains and glass beads, average over the acquisitions, are 1.67 and 2.54, respectively. The estimation of the scattering properties of sand grains is crucial to evaluate the performance of THz systems to image through brownout clouds that are created by helicopter rotors when landing in arid areas.
Mots-clés: Propagation; refractive index; terahertz (THz) scattering; THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS)
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Remote key establishment by random mode mixing in multimode fibers and optical reciprocity
Bromberg, Y., B. Redding, S. M. Popoff, N. Zhao, G. Li, and H. Cao
Optical Engineering 58, no. 1 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 The Authors. Disorder and scattering in photonic systems have long been considered a nuisance that should be circumvented. Recently, disorder has been harnessed for a rapidly growing number of applications, including imaging, sensing, and spectroscopy. The chaotic dynamics and extreme sensitivity to external perturbations make random media particularly well-suited for optical cryptography. However, using random media for distribution of secret keys between remote users still remains challenging since it requires the users have access to the same scattering sample. Here, we utilize random mode mixing in long multimode fibers to generate and distribute keys simultaneously. Fast fluctuations in fiber mode mixing provide the source of randomness for key generation, and optical reciprocity guarantees that the keys at the two ends of the fiber are identical. We experimentally demonstrate the scheme using classical light and off-the-shelf components, opening the door for a practically secure key establishment at the physical layer of fiber-optic networks.
Mots-clés: fiber optics; key distribution; optical communications; optical cryptography; random media; reciprocity
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Quantum dipole emitters in structured environments: A scattering approach: Tutorial
Bouchet, D., and R. Carminati
Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision 36, no. 2, 186-195 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. We provide a simple semi-classical formalism to describe the coupling between one or several quantum emitters and a structured environment. Describing the emitter by an electric polarizability, and the surrounding medium by a Green function, we show that an intuitive scattering picture allows one to derive a coupling equation from which the eigenfrequencies of the coupled system can be extracted. The model covers a variety of regimes observed in light–matter interaction, including weak and strong coupling, coherent collective interactions, and incoherent energy transfer. It provides a unified description of many processes, showing that different interaction regimes are actually rooted on the same ground. It can also serve as a basis for the development of more refined models in a full quantum electrodynamics framework.
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Cross density of states and mode connectivity: Probing wave localization in complex media
Canaguier-Durand, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A 99, no. 1 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 American Physical Society. We introduce the mode connectivity as a measure of the number of eigenmodes of a wave equation connecting two points at a given frequency. Based on numerical simulations of scattering of electromagnetic waves in disordered media, we show that the connectivity discriminates between the diffusive and the Anderson localized regimes. For practical measurements, the connectivity is encoded in the second-order coherence function characterizing the intensity emitted by two incoherent classical or quantum dipole sources. The analysis applies to all processes in which spatially localized modes build up, and to all kinds of waves.
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Modeling of an active terahertz imaging system in brownout conditions
Prophète, C., R. Pierrat, H. Sik, E. Kling, R. Carminati, and J. De Rosny
Applied Optics 57, no. 21, 6017-6026 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 Optical Society of America. We present a theoretical evaluation of a subterahertz (subTHz) system to image through a scattering medium composed of scatterers of sizes close to the wavelength. We specifically study the case of sand grain clouds created by helicopter rotor airflow during landing in arid areas. The different powers received by one pixel of a matrix made of subTHz sensors are identified. Photometric and antenna-based sensors are considered. Besides the thermal contribution to the noise, we focus our attention on the radiation backscattered by the brownout. It appears that a configuration where the source and the camera are distant is the most promising configuration and is realistic for embedded systems.
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Photon echoes in strongly scattering media: A diagrammatic approach
Pierrat, R., R. Carminati, and J. L. Le Gouët
Physical Review A 97, no. 6 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 American Physical Society. We study photon echo generation in disordered media with the help of multiple scattering theory based on diagrammatic approach and numerical simulations. We show that a strong correlation exists between the driving fields at the origin of the echo and the echo beam. Opening the way to a better understanding of nonlinear wave propagation in complex materials, this work supports recent experimental results with applications to the measurement of the optical dipole lifetime T2 in powders.
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Non-Gaussian Correlations between Reflected and Transmitted Intensity Patterns Emerging from Opaque Disordered Media
Starshynov, I., A. M. Paniagua-Diaz, N. Fayard, A. Goetschy, R. Pierrat, R. Carminati, and J. Bertolotti
Physical Review X 8, no. 2 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. The propagation of monochromatic light through a scattering medium produces speckle patterns in reflection and transmission, and the apparent randomness of these patterns prevents direct imaging through thick turbid media. Yet, since elastic multiple scattering is fundamentally a linear and deterministic process, information is not lost but distributed among many degrees of freedom that can be resolved and manipulated. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that the reflected and transmitted speckle patterns are robustly correlated, and we unravel all the complex and unexpected features of this fundamentally non-Gaussian and long-range correlation. In particular, we show that it is preserved even for opaque media with thickness much larger than the scattering mean free path, proving that information survives the multiple scattering process and can be recovered. The existence of correlations between the two sides of a scattering medium opens up new possibilities for the control of transmitted light without any feedback from the target side, but using only information gathered from the reflected speckle.
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One-Shot Measurement of the Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Scattered by a Subwavelength Aperture Tip Coupled to the Environment
Rahbany, N., I. Izeddin, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Carminati, G. Tessier, and Y. De Wilde
ACS Photonics 5, no. 4, 1539-1545 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 American Chemical Society. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) achieves subwavelength resolution by bringing a nanosized probe close to the surface of the sample. This extends the spectrum of spatial frequencies that can be detected with respect to a diffraction limited microscope. The interaction of the probe with the sample is expected to affect its radiation to the far field in a way that is often hard to predict. Here we address this question by proposing a general method based on full-field off-axis digital holography microscopy which enables to study in detail the far-field radiation from a NSOM probe as a function of its environment. A first application is demonstrated by performing a three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstruction of light scattered from the subwavelength aperture tip of a NSOM, in free space or coupled to transparent and plasmonic media. A single holographic image recorded in one shot in the far field contains information on both the amplitude and the phase of the scattered light. This is sufficient to reverse numerically the propagation of the electromagnetic field all the way to the aperture tip. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations are performed to compare the experimental results with a superposition of magnetic and electric dipole radiation.
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Mutual Information between Reflected and Transmitted Speckle Images
Fayard, N., A. Goetschy, R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 120, no. 7 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 American Physical Society. We study theoretically the mutual information between reflected and transmitted speckle patterns produced by wave scattering from disordered media. The mutual information between the two speckle images recorded on an array of N detection points (pixels) takes the form of long-range intensity correlation loops that we evaluate explicitly as a function of the disorder strength and the Thouless number g. Our analysis, supported by extensive numerical simulations, reveals a competing effect of cross-sample and surface spatial correlations. An optimal distance between pixels is proven to exist that enhances the mutual information by a factor Ng compared to the single-pixel scenario.
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Optimizing Hyperuniformity in Self-Assembled Bidisperse Emulsions
Ricouvier, J., R. Pierrat, R. Carminati, P. Tabeling, and P. Yazhgur
Physical Review Letters 119, no. 20 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society. We study long range density fluctuations (hyperuniformity) in two-dimensional jammed packings of bidisperse droplets. Taking advantage of microfluidics, we systematically span a large range of size and concentration ratios of the two droplet populations. We identify various defects increasing long range density fluctuations mainly due to organization of local particle environment. By choosing an appropriate bidispersity, we fabricate materials with a high level of hyperuniformity. Interesting transparency properties of these optimized materials are established based on numerical simulations.
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Observation of mean path length invariance in light-scattering media
Savo, R., R. Pierrat, U. Najar, R. Carminati, S. Rotter, and S. Gigan
Science 358, no. 6364, 765-768 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved. The microstructure of a medium strongly influences how light propagates through it. The amount of disorder it contains determines whether the medium is transparent or opaque. Theory predicts that exciting such a medium homogeneously and isotropically makes some of its optical properties depend only on the medium’s outer geometry. Here, we report an optical experiment demonstrating that the mean path length of light is invariant with respect to the microstructure of the medium it scatters through. Using colloidal solutions with varying concentration and particle size, the invariance of the mean path length is observed over nearly two orders of magnitude in scattering strength. Our results can be extended to a wide range of systems—however ordered, correlated, or disordered—and apply to all wave-scattering problems.
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Effect of microstructural elongation on backscattered field: Intensity measurement and multiple scattering estimation with a linear transducer array
Baelde, A., J. Laurent, P. Millien, R. Coulette, W. B. Khalifa, F. Jenson, F. Sun, M. Fink, and C. Prada
Ultrasonics 82, 379-389 (2018)
Résumé: © 2017 Elsevier B.V. The effect of microstructural elongation on ultrasonic backscattered fields was studied. Two methods for determining the elongation direction of macrozones in titanium alloys, using the anisotropic spatial coherence of the backscattered field, are presented. Both methods use a phased array attached on a rotative holder that records the array response matrix at several angles. Two titanium alloys were investigated: TA6V and Ti17. TA6V exhibited a strong macrozone elongation, whereas Ti17 macrozones were found equiaxial. The first method is based on the measurement of backscattered intensity in function of the probe angle relative to the macrozones elongation direction. An angular dependence of backscattered intensity is observed in presence of elongated scatterers, and their elongation direction is collinear with the probe direction corresponding to a minimal intensity. This variability is linked to both piezoelectric shape and the backscattered field spatial properties. The second method is based on the measurement of the relative proportion of single to multiple scattering in a diffusive media, using a simplified version of the single scattering filter developed in Aubry and Derode (2009). It allows the measurement of the level of multiple scattering: both titanium alloys exhibited strong multiple scattering. The elongation direction was determined as the direction of minimal multiple scattering. Furthermore, these results were confirmed by the measurement of the coherent backscattering cone on both samples.
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Structure and dynamics of multicellular assemblies measured by coherent light scattering
Brunel, B., C. Blanch, A. Gourrier, V. Petrolli, A. Delon, J. F. Joanny, R. Carminati, R. Pierrat, and G. Cappello
New Journal of Physics 19, no. 7 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Determining the structure and the internal dynamics of tissues is essential to understand their functional organization. Microscopy allows for monitoring positions and trajectories of every single cell. Those data are useful to extract statistical observables, such as intercellular distance, tissue symm etry and anisotropy, and cell motility. However, this procedure requires a large and supervised computational effort. In addition, due to the large cross-section of cells, the light scattering limits the use of microscopy to relatively thin samples. As an alternative approach, we propose to take advantage of light scattering and to analyze the dynamical diffraction pattern produced by a living tissue illuminated with coherent light. In this article, we illustrate with a few examples that supra-cellular structures produce an exploitable diffraction signal. From the diffraction signal, we deduce the mean distance between cells, the anisotropy of the supra-cellular organization and, from its fluctuations, the mean speed of moving cells. This easy to implement technique considerably reduces analysis time, allowing real time monitoring.
Mots-clés: coherent optics; dynamic light scattering; multicellular structures
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Unveiling Extreme Anisotropy in Elastic Structured Media
Lefebvre, G., T. Antonakakis, Y. Achaoui, R. V. Craster, S. Guenneau, and P. Sebbah
Physical Review Letters 118, no. 25 (2017)
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Quantum revival for elastic waves in thin plate
Dubois, M., G. Lefebvre, and P. Sebbah
European Physical Journal: Special Topics 226, no. 7, 1593-1601 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017, The Author(s).Quantum revival is described as the time-periodic reconstruction of a wave packet initially localized in space and time. This effect is expected in finite-size systems which exhibit commensurable discrete spectrum such as the infinite quantum well. Here, we report on the experimental observation of full and fractional quantum revival for classical waves in a two dimensional cavity. We consider flexural waves propagating in thin plates, as their quadratic dispersion at low frequencies mimics the dispersion relation of quantum systems governed by Schrödinger equation. Time-dependent excitation and measurement are performed at ultrasonic frequencies and reveal a periodic reconstruction of the initial elastic wave packet.
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Spatial correlations of the spontaneous decay rate as a probe of dense and correlated disordered materials
Leseur, O., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
European Physical Journal: Special Topics 226, no. 7, 1423-1432 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017, The Author(s).We study theoretically and numerically a new kind of spatial correlation for waves in disordered media. We define CΓ as the correlation function of the fluorescent decay rate of an emitter at two different positions inside the medium. We show that the amplitude and the width of CΓ provide decoupled information on the structural correlation of the disordered medium and on the local environment of the emitter. This result may stimulate the emergence of new imaging and sensing modalities in complex media.
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Correlation-enhanced control of wave focusing in disordered media
Hsu, C. W., S. F. Liew, A. Goetschy, H. Cao, and A. Douglas Stone
Nature Physics 13, no. 5, 497-502 (2017)
Résumé: A fundamental challenge in physics is controlling the propagation of waves in disordered media despite strong scattering from inhomogeneities. Spatial light modulators enable one to synthesize (shape) the incident wavefront, optimizing the multipath interference to achieve a specific behaviour such as focusing light to a target region. However, the extent of achievable control is not known when the target region is much larger than the wavelength and contains many speckles. Here we show that for targets containing more than g speckles, where g is the dimensionless conductance, the extent of transmission control is substantially enhanced by the long-range mesoscopic correlations among the speckles. Using a filtered random matrix ensemble appropriate for coherent diffusion in open geometries, we predict the full distributions of transmission eigenvalues as well as universal scaling laws for statistical properties, in excellent agreement with our experiment. This work provides a general framework for describing wavefront-shaping experiments in disordered systems.
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Causality, Nonlocality, and Negative Refraction
Forcella, D., C. Prada, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 118, no. 13 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society. American Physical Society.The importance of spatial nonlocality in the description of negative refraction in electromagnetic materials has been put forward recently. We develop a theory of negative refraction in homogeneous and isotropic media, based on first principles, and that includes nonlocality in its full generality. The theory shows that both dissipation and spatial nonlocality are necessary conditions for the existence of negative refraction. It also provides a sufficient condition in materials with weak spatial nonlocality. These fundamental results should have broad implications in the theoretical and practical analyses of negative refraction of electromagnetic and other kinds of waves.
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Correlated blinking of fluorescent emitters mediated by single plasmons
Bouchet, D., E. Lhuillier, S. Ithurria, A. Gulinatti, I. Rech, R. Carminati, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 95, no. 3 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society.We observe time-correlated emission between a single CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dot exhibiting single-photon statistics and a fluorescent nanobead located micrometers apart. This is accomplished by coupling both emitters to a silver nanowire. Single plasmons are created on the latter from the quantum dot, and transfer energy to excite in turn the fluorescent nanobead. We demonstrate that the molecules inside the bead show the same blinking behavior as the quantum dot.
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Temperature of a nanoparticle above a substrate under radiative heating and cooling
Kallel, H., R. Carminati, and K. Joulain
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 95, no. 11 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society.Controlling the temperature in architectures involving nanoparticles and substrates is a key issue for applications involving micro- and nanoscale heat transfer. We study the thermal behavior of a single nanoparticle interacting with a flat substrate under external monochromatic illumination, and with thermal radiation as the unique heat loss channel. We develop a model to compute the temperature of the nanoparticle, based on an effective dipole-polarizability approach. Using numerical simulations, we thoroughly investigate the impacts of various parameters affecting the nanoparticle temperature, such as the nanoparticle-to-substrate gap distance, the incident light wavelength and polarization, or the material resonances. This study provides a tool for the thermal characterization and design of micro- or nanoscale systems coupling substrates with nanoparticles or optical antennas.
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Light-Mediated Cascaded Locking of Multiple Nano-Optomechanical Oscillators
Gil-Santos, E., M. Labousse, C. Baker, A. Goetschy, W. Hease, C. Gomez, A. Lemaître, G. Leo, C. Ciuti, and I. Favero
Physical Review Letters 118, no. 6 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society.Collective phenomena emerging from nonlinear interactions between multiple oscillators, such as synchronization and frequency locking, find applications in a wide variety of fields. Optomechanical resonators, which are intrinsically nonlinear, combine the scientific assets of mechanical devices with the possibility of long distance controlled interactions enabled by traveling light. Here we demonstrate light-mediated frequency locking of three distant nano-optomechanical oscillators positioned in a cascaded configuration. The oscillators, integrated on a chip along a common coupling waveguide, are optically driven with a single laser and oscillate at gigahertz frequency. Despite an initial mechanical frequency disorder of hundreds of kilohertz, the guided light locks them all with a clear transition in the optical output. The experimental results are described by Langevin equations, paving the way to scalable cascaded optomechanical configurations.
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Radiative transfer of acoustic waves in continuous complex media: Beyond the Helmholtz equation
Baydoun, I., D. Baresch, R. Pierrat, and A. Derode
Physical Review E 94, no. 5 (2016)
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Multiple scattering of polarized light in disordered media exhibiting short-range structural correlations
Vynck, K., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A 94, no. 3 (2016)
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High-density hyperuniform materials can be transparent
Leseur, O., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Optica 3, no. 7, 763-767 (2016)
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One Single Static Measurement Predicts Wave Localization in Complex Structures
Lefebvre, G., A. Gondel, M. Dubois, M. Atlan, F. Feppon, A. Labbe, C. Gillot, A. Garelli, M. Ernoult, S. Mayboroda, M. Filoche, and P. Sebbah
Physical Review Letters 117, no. 7 (2016)
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Near-field to far-field characterization of speckle patterns generated by disordered nanomaterials
Parigi, V., E. Perros, G. Binard, C. Bourdillon, A. Maitre, R. Carminati, V. Krachmalnicoff, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Express 24, no. 7, 7019-7027 (2016)
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Coherent Control of Photocurrent in a Strongly Scattering Photoelectrochemical System
Liew, S. F., S. M. Popoff, S. W. Sheehan, A. Goetschy, C. A. Schmuttenmaer, A. D. Stone, and H. Cao
Acs Photonics 3, no. 3, 449-455 (2016)
Mots-clés: photoelectrochemical; dye-sensitized solar cells; wavefront shaping; multiple scattering; multimode interference
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Quantum coherence of light emitted by two single-photon sources in a structured environment
Canaguier-Durand, A., and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 93, no. 3 (2016)
Résumé: © 2016 American Physical Society. We develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of the quantum coherence of light emitted by two independent single-photon sources in an arbitrary environment. The theory provides design rules for the control of the degree of quantum coherence in terms of classical quantities widely used in nanophotonics. As an important example, we derive generalized conditions to generate superradiant and subradiant states of the emitters and demonstrate the ability of a structured environment to induce long-range quantum coherence. These results should have broad applications in quantum nanophotonics and for the sensing of fluorescent sources in complex environments.
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Long-Range Plasmon-Assisted Energy Transfer between Fluorescent Emitters
Bouchet, D., D. Cao, R. Carminati, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Physical Review Letters 116, no. 3 (2016)
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Thermal emission by a subwavelength aperture
Joulain, K., Y. Ezzahri, and R. Carminati
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 173, 1-6 (2016)
Résumé: © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. We calculate, by means of fluctuational electrodynamics, the thermal emission of an aperture separating from the outside, vacuum or a material at temperature T. We show that thermal emission is very different whether the aperture size is large or small compared to the thermal wavelength. Subwavelength apertures separating vacuum from the outside have their thermal emission strongly decreased compared to classical blackbodies which have an aperture much larger than the wavelength. A simple expression of their emissivity can be calculated and their total emissive power scales as T8 instead of T4 for large apertures. Thermal emission of disk of materials with a size comparable to the wavelength is also discussed. It is shown in particular that emissivity of such a disk is increased when the material can support surface waves such as phonon polaritons.
Mots-clés: Fluctuational electrodynamics; Nanoscale Thermal emission; Phonon-polaritons
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Competition and Coexistence of Raman and Random Lasing in Silica-/Titania-Based Solid Foams
Gaikwad, P., N. Bachelard, P. Sebbah, R. Backov, and R. A. L. Vallee
Advanced Optical Materials 3, no. 11, 1640-1651 (2015)
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Cooperative Emission of a Pulse Train in an Optically Thick Scattering Medium
Kwong, C. C., T. Yang, D. Delande, R. Pierrat, and D. Wilkowski
Physical Review Letters 115, no. 22 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. An optically thick cold atomic cloud emits a coherent flash of light in the forward direction when the phase of an incident probe field is abruptly changed. Because of cooperativity, the duration of this phenomena can be much shorter than the excited lifetime of a single atom. Repeating periodically the abrupt phase jump, we generate a train of pulses with short repetition time, high intensity contrast, and high efficiency. In this regime, the emission is fully governed by cooperativity even if the cloud is dilute.
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Broadband Coherent Enhancement of Transmission and Absorption in Disordered Media
Hsu, C. W., A. Goetschy, Y. Bromberg, A. D. Stone, and H. Cao
Physical Review Letters 115, no. 22 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. Spatial modulation of the incident wave front has become a powerful method for controlling the diffusive transport of light in disordered media; however, such interference-based control is intrinsically sensitive to frequency detuning. Here, we show analytically and numerically that certain wave fronts can exhibit strongly enhanced total transmission or absorption across bandwidths that are orders of magnitude broader than the spectral correlation width of the speckles. Such broadband enhancement is possible due to long-range correlations in coherent diffusion, which cause the spectral degrees of freedom to scale as the square root of the bandwidth rather than the bandwidth itself.
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Scattering mean free path in continuous complex media: Beyond the Helmholtz equation
Baydoun, I., D. Baresch, R. Pierrat, and A. Derode
Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 92, no. 3 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. We present theoretical calculations of the ensemble-averaged (or effective or coherent) wave field propagating in a heterogeneous medium considered as one realization of a random process. In the literature, it is usually assumed that heterogeneity can be accounted for by a random scalar function of the space coordinates, termed the potential. Physically, this amounts to replacing the constant wave speed in Helmholtz' equation by a space-dependent speed. In the case of acoustic waves, we show that this approach leads to incorrect results for the scattering mean free path, no matter how weak the fluctuations. The detailed calculation of the coherent wave field must take into account both a scalar and an operator part in the random potential. When both terms have identical amplitudes, the correct value for the scattering mean free paths is shown to be more than 4 times smaller (13/3, precisely) in the low-frequency limit, whatever the shape of the correlation function. Based on the diagrammatic approach of multiple scattering, theoretical results are obtained for the self-energy and mean free path within Bourret's and on-shell approximations. They are confirmed by numerical experiments.
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Intensity correlations between reflected and transmitted speckle patterns
Fayard, N., A. Cazé, R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 92, no. 3 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. ©2015 American Physical Society. We study theoretically the spatial correlations between the intensities measured at the input and output planes of a disordered scattering medium. We show that at large optical thicknesses, a long-range spatial correlation persists and takes negative values. For small optical thicknesses, short-range and long-range correlations coexist, with relative weights that depend on the optical thickness. These results may have direct implications for the control of wave transmission through complex media by wave-front shaping, thus finding applications in sensing, imaging, and information transfer.
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Subwavelength focusing in bubbly media using broadband time reversal
Lanoy, M., R. Pierrat, F. Lemoult, M. Fink, V. Leroy, and A. Tourin
Physical Review B 91, no. 22 (2015)
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Breakthroughs in photonics 2014: Random lasers
Sebbah, P., and R. Carminati
IEEE Photonics Journal 7, no. 3 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 IEEE. Multiple scattering of light in a disordered medium with gain may provide for the necessary feedback to achieve lasing action without an optical cavity. In addition to the fundamental interest raised by this regime of light-matter interaction in open cavity, the relatively simple design of these so-called "random lasers" and the possibility to control their emission open perspective of new applications in domains not yet covered by conventional lasers.
Mots-clés: Laser; random media
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Deterministic control of broadband light through a multiply scattering medium via the multispectral transmission matrix.
Andreoli, D., G. Volpe, S. Popoff, O. Katz, S. Gresillon, and S. Gigan
Scientific reports 5, 10347 (2015)
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Linear and nonlinear Rabi oscillations of a two-level system resonantly coupled to an Anderson-localized mode
Bachelard, N., R. Carminati, P. Sebbah, and C. Vanneste
Physical Review A 91, no. 4 (2015)
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Mapping the radiative and the apparent nonradiative local density of states in the near field of a metallic nanoantenna
Cao, D., A. Cazé, M. Calabrese, R. Pierrat, N. Bardou, S. Collin, R. Carminati, V. Krachmalnicoff, and Y. De Wilde
ACS Photonics 2, no. 2, 189-193 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Chemical Society. We present a novel method to extract the various contributions to the photonic local density of states from near-field fluorescence maps. The approach is based on the simultaneous mapping of the fluorescence intensity and decay rate and on the rigorous application of the reciprocity theorem. It allows us to separate the contributions of the radiative and the apparent nonradiative local density of states to the change in the decay rate. The apparent nonradiative contribution accounts for losses due to radiation out of the detection solid angle and to absorption in the environment. Data analysis relies on a new analytical calculation, and does not require the use of numerical simulations. One of the most relevant applications of the method is the characterization of nanostructures aimed at maximizing the number of photons emitted in the detection solid angle, which is a crucial issue in modern nanophotonics.
Mots-clés: fluorescence microscopy; local density of states; near-field scanning probe; plasmonic nanoantennas; radiative decay rate; reciprocity theorem
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Electromagnetic field correlations in three-dimensional speckles
Dogariu, A. C., and R. Carminati
Physics Reports 559, 1-29 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015. We describe recent developments in the characterization of three-dimensional speckle fields produced by scattering of electromagnetic waves. In many practical situations the description of such fields requires approaches going beyond the Gaussian statistics approximation. Quantitative measures of spatial coherence and polarization can be defined from the field-field correlation matrix, known as the cross-spectral density matrix in coherence theory. The complex degree of mutual polarization provides a measure of the similarity between polarization states at two different points. The degree of spatial coherence describes spatial coherence and averages out the polarization properties. We discuss their behavior in speckle fields produced by multiple scattering in disordered materials. A number of non-universal properties arise, that are related to the internal microscopic structure of the scattering medium. Non-universality affects observables quantities, such as spatial correlations in speckle patterns measured in the near field of the medium surface, statistics of the local density of states or the depolarization of the exciting electromagnetic field due to scattering. Specific microscopic scales are necessary to describe the non-universal behaviors, that characterize the scale-dependent morphology of the scattering medium.
Mots-clés: Coherence; Polarization; Random fields; Speckle
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Experiments on Maxwell's fish-eye dynamics in elastic plates
Lefebvre, G., M. Dubois, R. Beauvais, Y. Achaoui, R. K. Ing, S. Guenneau, and P. Sebbah
Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 2 (2015)
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Speckle fluctuations resolve the interdistance between incoherent point sources in complex media
Carminati, R., G. A. Cwilich, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, and J. J. Sáenz
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 91, no. 2 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. We study the fluctuations of the light emitted by two identical incoherent point sources in a disordered environment. The intensity-intensity correlation function and the speckle contrast, obtained after proper temporal and configurational averaging, encode the relative distance between the two sources. This suggests the intriguing possibility that intensity measurements at only one point in a speckle pattern produced by two incoherent sources can provide information about the relative distance between the sources, with a precision that is not limited by diffraction. The theory also suggests an alternative approach to the Green's-function retrieval technique, where the correlations of the isotropic ambient noise detected by two receivers are replaced by a measurement at a single point of the noise due to two fluctuating incoherent sources.
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Probing two-dimensional Anderson localization without statistics
Leseur, O., R. Pierrat, J. J. Sáenz, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 90, no. 5 (2014)
Résumé: © 2014 American Physical Society. We investigate the possibility of using the independence of the transmitted speckle pattern on the illumination condition as a signature of Anderson localization in a single configuration of a two-dimensional and open disordered medium. The analysis is based on exact numerical simulations of multiple light scattering. We introduce a similarity function that we propose as a reliable observable to probe Anderson localization without requiring any statistical averaging over an ensemble.
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Cooperative emission of a coherent superflash of light
Kwong, C. C., T. Yang, M. S. Pramod, K. Pandey, D. Delande, R. Pierrat, and D. Wilkowski
Physical Review Letters 113, no. 22 (2014)
Résumé: © 2014 American Physical Society. We investigate the transient coherent transmission of light through an optically thick cold strontium gas. We observe a coherent superflash just after an abrupt probe extinction, with peak intensity more than three times the incident one. We show that this coherent superflash is a direct signature of the cooperative forward emission of the atoms. By engineering fast transient phenomena on the incident field, we give a clear and simple picture of the physical mechanisms at play.
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Invariance property of wave scattering through disordered media
Pierrat, R., P. Ambichl, S. Gigan, A. Haber, R. Carminati, and S. Rotter
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 50, 17765-17770 (2014)
Résumé: A fundamental insight in the theory of diffusive random walks is that the mean length of trajectories traversing a finite open system is independent of the details of the diffusion process. Instead, the mean trajectory length depends only on the system's boundary geometry and is thus unaffected by the value of the mean free path. Here we show that this result is rooted on a much deeper level than that of a random walk, which allows us to extend the reach of this universal invariance property beyond the diffusion approximation. Specifically, we demonstrate that an equivalent invariance relation also holds for the scattering of waves in resonant structures as well as in ballistic, chaotic or in Anderson localized systems. Our work unifies a number of specific observations made in quite diverse fields of science ranging from the movement of ants to nuclear scattering theory. Potential experimental realizations using light fields in disordered media are discussed.
Mots-clés: Diffusion; Disordered media; Random walk; Time delay; Wave scattering
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Electromagnetic density of states in complex plasmonic systems
Carminati, R., A. Cazé, D. Cao, F. Peragut, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Pierrat, and Y. De Wilde
Surface Science Reports 70, no. 1, 1-41 (2015)
Résumé: © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Nanostructured materials offer the possibility to tailor light-matter interaction at scales below the wavelength. Metallic nanostructures benefit from the excitation of surface plasmons that permit light concentration at ultrasmall length scales and ultrafast time scales. The local density of states (LDOS) is a central concept that drives basic processes of light-matter interaction such as spontaneous emission, thermal emission and absorption. We introduce theoretically the concept of LDOS, emphasizing the specificities of plasmonics. We connect the LDOS to real observables in nanophotonics, and show how the concept can be generalized to account for spatial coherence. We describe recent methods developed to probe or map the LDOS in complex nanostructures ranging from nanoantennas to disordered metal surfaces, based on dynamic fluorescence measurements or on the detection of thermal radiation.
Mots-clés: Cross density of states; Local density of states; Plasmonics; Spatial coherence; Spontaneous emission; Thermal radiation
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Time-driven superoscillations with negative refraction
Dubois, M. A., E. Bossy, S. Enoch, S. Guenneau, G. Lerosey, and P. Sebbah
Physical Review Letters 114, no. 1 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Physical Society. The flat-lens concept based on negative refraction proposed by Veselago in 1968 has been mostly investigated in the monochromatic regime. It was recently recognized that time development of the superlensing effect discovered in 2000 by Pendry is yet to be assessed and may spring surprises: Time-dependent illumination could improve the spatial resolution of the focusing. We investigate dynamics of flexural wave focusing by a 45°-tilted square lattice of circular holes drilled in a duralumin plate. Time-resolved experiments reveal that the focused image shrinks with time below the diffraction limit, with a lateral resolution increasing from 0.8λ to 0.35λ, whereas focusing under harmonic excitation remains diffraction limited. Modal analysis reveals the role in pulse reconstruction of radiating lens resonances, which repeatedly self-synchronize at the focal spot to shape a superoscillating field.
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Local control of the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by near-field magneto-optical Kerr effect
Vincent, R., H. Marinchio, J. J. Saenz, and R. Carminati
Physical Review B 90, no. 24 (2014)
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Signatures of Levy flights with annealed disorder
Baudouin, Q., R. Pierrat, A. Eloy, E. J. Nunes-Pereira, P.-A. Cuniasse, N. Mercadier, and R. Kaiser
Physical Review E 90, no. 5 (2014)
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Disorder as a Playground for the Coexistence of Optical Nonlinear Effects: Competition between Random Lasing and Stimulated Raman Scattering in Complex Porous Materials
Bachelard, N., P. Gaikwad, R. Backov, P. Sebbah, and R. A. L. Vallee
Acs Photonics 1, no. 11, 1206-1211 (2014)
Mots-clés: random lasers; Raman lasers; nonlinear effects; porous materials
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Mapping and Quantifying Electric and Magnetic Dipole Luminescence at the Nanoscale
Aigouy, L., A. Caze, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 113, no. 7 (2014)
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Adaptive pumping for spectral control of random lasers
Bachelard, N., S. Gigan, X. Noblin, and P. Sebbah
Nature Physics 10, no. 6, 426-431 (2014)
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Imaging with nature: compressive imaging using a multiply scattering medium.
Liutkus, A., D. Martina, S. Popoff, G. Chardon, O. Katz, G. Lerosey, S. Gigan, L. Daudet, and I. Carron
Scientific reports 4, 5552 (2014)
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Analysis of coherence properties of partially polarized light in 3D and application to disordered media
Refregier, P., V. Wasik, K. Vynck, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 39, no. 8, 2362-2365 (2014)
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Partially Pumped Random Lasers
Andreasen, J., N. Bachelard, S. B. N. Bhaktha, H. Cao, P. Sebbah, and C. Vanneste
International Journal Of Modern Physics B 28, no. 5 (2014)
Mots-clés: Random lasers; laser pumping; multiple scattering
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Magneto-optical Kerr effect in resonant subwavelength nanowire gratings
Marinchio, H., R. Carminati, A. García-Martín, and J. J. Sáenz
New Journal of Physics 16, no. 1, 015007-015007 (2014)
Résumé: Periodic arrays of nanorods can present a resonant response at specific geometric conditions. We use a multiple scattering approach to analyze the optical response of subwavelength nanowire gratings made of arbitrary anisotropic materials. When the rods are made of magneto-optical dielectrics we show that there is a complex interplay between the geometric resonances of the grating and the magneto-optical Kerr effects (MOKE) response. As we will show, for a given polarization of the incident light, a resonant magneto-optical response can be obtained by tuning the incidence angle and grating parameters to operate near the resonance condition for the opposite polarization. Our results could be important to understand and optimize MOKE structures and devices based on resonant subwavelength gratings and could open new perspectives in sensing applications.
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Polarization and spatial coherence of electromagnetic waves in uncorrelated disordered media
Vynck, K., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A 89, no. 1, 013842 (2014)
Résumé: Spatial field correlation functions represent a key quantity for the description of mesoscopic phenomena in disordered media and the optical characterization of complex materials. Yet many aspects related to the vector nature of light waves have not been investigated so far. We study theoretically the polarization and coherence properties of electromagnetic waves produced by a dipole source in a three-dimensional uncorrelated disordered medium. The spatial field correlation matrix is calculated analytically using a multiple-scattering theory for polarized light. This allows us to provide a formal description of the light depolarization process in terms of “polarization eigenchannels” and to derive analytical formulas for the spatial coherence of multiply scattered light.
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Flat lens for pulse focusing of elastic waves in thin plates
Dubois, M., M. Farhat, E. Bossy, S. Enoch, S. Guenneau, and P. Sebbah
Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 7, 071915 (2013)
Résumé: The ability of left-handed materials to overcome the diffraction limit was first considered as one of the most exciting and challenging outcomes of the negative refraction concept. Flat lens focusing of elastic waves is, however, a challenge. We demonstrate broadband focusing of elastic waves at 10 kHz carrier frequency, below the first stop band, in a 45°-tilted square array of circular air holes perforated in a Duraluminium thin plate. By adjusting the relative thickness of the outer plate we achieve large-angle negative refraction with diffraction-limited lateral resolution. We find good agreement with a simple beam-lattice model and finite-difference time-domain simulations. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Mots-clés: Circular air-holes; Diffraction limited; Diffraction limits; Finite difference time domain simulations; Lateral resolution; Left handed materials; Negative refractions; Relative thickness; Diffraction; Focusing; Light refraction; Refraction; Elastic waves
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Surface plasmons: A probe for graphene electronics
Carminati, R.
Nature Nanotechnology (2013)
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Strong coupling to two-dimensional Anderson localized modes
Cazé, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 111, no. 5 (2013)
Résumé: We use a scattering formalism to derive a condition of strong coupling between a resonant scatterer and an Anderson localized mode for electromagnetic waves in two dimensions. The strong coupling regime is demonstrated based on exact numerical simulations, in perfect agreement with theory. The strong coupling threshold can be expressed in terms of the Thouless conductance and the Purcell factor. This connects key concepts in transport theory and cavity quantum electrodynamics, and provides a practical tool for the design or analysis of experiments. © 2013 American Physical Society.
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Towards a full characterization of a plasmonic nanostructure with a fluorescent near-field probe
Krachmalnicoff, V., D. Cao, A. Cazé, E. Castanié, R. Pierrat, N. Bardou, S. Collin, R. Carminati, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Express 21, no. 9, 11536-11545 (2013)
Résumé: We report on the experimental and theoretical study of the spatial fluctuations of the local density of states (EM-LDOS) and of the fluorescence intensity in the near-field of a gold nanoantenna. EM-LDOS, fluorescence intensity and topography maps are acquired simultaneously by scanning a fluorescent nanosource grafted on the tip of an atomic force microscope at the surface of the sample. The results are in good quantitative agreement with numerical simulations. This work paves the way for a full near-field characterization of an optical nanoantenna. © 2013 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Atomic force microscope (AFM); Fluorescence intensities; Local density of state; Near-field characterizations; Optical nano antennas; Plasmonic nanostructures; Quantitative agreement; Spatial fluctuation; Atomic force microscopy; Nanostructures; Surface topography; Fluorescence
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Subwavelength focusing inside an open disordered medium by time reversal at a single point antenna
Pierrat, R., C. Vandenbem, M. Fink, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 87, no. 4 (2013)
Résumé: We study theoretically light focusing at subwavelength scale inside a disordered strongly scattering open medium. We show that broadband time reversal at a single point antenna, in conjunction with near-field interactions and multiple scattering, produces spatial focusing with a quality comparable to that obtained in an ideal closed cavity. This provides different perspectives for super-resolved optical imaging and coherent control of single nanosources or absorbers in complex media. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Closed cavity; Coherent control; Disordered medium; Near field interactions; Optical imaging; Spatial focusing; Sub-wavelength focusing; Subwavelength scale; Antennas; Focusing
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Spatial coherence in complex photonic and plasmonic systems
Cazé, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 110, no. 6 (2013)
Résumé: The concept of cross density of states characterizes the intrinsic spatial coherence of complex photonic or plasmonic systems, independently of the illumination conditions. Using this tool and the associated intrinsic coherence length, we demonstrate unambiguously the spatial squeezing of eigenmodes on disordered fractal metallic films, thus clarifying a basic issue in plasmonics. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Coherence lengths; Density of state; Eigen modes; Illumination conditions; Plasmonic; Plasmonics; Spatial coherence; Atomic physics; Physics; Plasmons
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Recovering fluorophore location and orientation from lifetimes
Irishina, N., M. Moscoso, and R. Carminati
Optics Express 21, no. 1, 421-430 (2013)
Résumé: In this paper, we study the possibility of using lifetime data to estimate the position and orientation of a fluorescent dipole source within a disordered medium. The vector Foldy-Lax equations are employed to calculate the interaction between the fluorescent source and the scatterers that are modeled as point-scatterers. The numerical experiments demonstrate that if good prior knowledge about the positions of the scatterers is available, the position and orientation of the dipole source can be retrieved from its lifetime data with precision. If there is uncertainty about the positions of the scatterers, the dipole source position can be estimated within the same level of uncertainty. © 2013 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Dipole sources; Disordered medium; Lifetime data; Numerical experiments; Prior knowledge; Fluorescence; Uncertainty analysis; Scattering
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Optofluidic random laser
Shivakiran Bhaktha, B. N., N. Bachelard, X. Noblin, and P. Sebbah
Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 15 (2012)
Résumé: Random lasing is reported in a dye-circulated structured polymeric microfluidic channel. The role of disorder, which results from limited accuracy of photolithographic process, is demonstrated by the variation of the emission spectrum with local-pump position and by the extreme sensitivity to a local perturbation of the structure. Thresholds comparable to those of conventional microfluidic lasers are achieved, without the hurdle of state-of-the-art cavity fabrication. Potential applications of optofluidic random lasers for on-chip sensors are discussed. Introduction of random lasers in the field of optofluidics is a promising alternative to on-chip laser integration with light and fluidic functionalities. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Emission spectrums; Local perturbation; Microfluidic channel; Microfluidic lasers; On chips; On-chip sensors; Opto-fluidics; Photolithographic process; Potential applications; Random lasers; Random lasing; Emission spectroscopy; Photolithography; Sensitivity analysis; Laser beams
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Radiative and non-radiative local density of states on disordered plasmonic films
Cazé, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications 10, no. 4, 339-344 (2012)
Résumé: We present numerical calculations of the local density of optical states (LDOS) in the near field of disordered plasmonic films. The calculations are based on an integral volume method, that takes into account polarization and retardation effects, and allows us to discriminate radiative and non-radiative contributions to the LDOS. At short distance, the LDOS fluctuations are dominated by non-radiative channels, showing that changes in the spontaneous dynamics of dipole emitters are driven by non-radiative coupling to plasmon modes. Maps of radiative and non-radiative LDOS exhibit strong fluctuations, but with substantially different spatial distributions. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mots-clés: Disordered systems; Fractals; Local density of states; Metallic films; Numerical simulations; Plasmons; Disordered system; Local density; Local density of state; Near fields; Non-radiative; Non-radiative channels; Numerical calculation; Optical state; Plasmon modes; Plasmonic; Retardation effect; Volume method; Computer simulation; Electrical engineering; Fractals; Hardware; Metallic films; Plasmons
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Taming random lasers through active spatial control of the pump
Bachelard, N., J. Andreasen, S. Gigan, and P. Sebbah
Physical Review Letters 109, no. 3 (2012)
Résumé: Active control of the spatial pump profile is proposed to exercise control over random laser emission. We demonstrate numerically the selection of any desired lasing mode from the emission spectrum. An iterative optimization method is employed, first in the regime of strong scattering where modes are spatially localized and can be easily selected using local pumping. Remarkably, this method works efficiently even in the weakly scattering regime, where strong spatial overlap of the modes precludes spatial selectivity. A complex optimized pump profile is found, which selects the desired lasing mode at the expense of others, thus demonstrating the potential of pump shaping for robust and controllable single mode operation of a random laser. © 2012 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Active control; Emission spectrums; Exercise control; Iterative Optimization; Lasing modes; Local pumping; Random laser emission; Random lasers; Scattering regime; Single mode operation; Spatial control; Spatial overlap; Spatial selectivity; Emission spectroscopy; Laser beams; Pumps
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Distance dependence of the local density of states in the near field of a disordered plasmonic film
Castanié, E., V. Krachmalnicoff, A. Cazé, R. Pierrat, Y. De Wilde, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 37, no. 14, 3006-3008 (2012)
Résumé: We measure the statistical distribution of the photonic local density of states in the near field of a semicontinuous gold film. By varying the distance between the measurement plane and the film, we show that near-field confined modes play a major role in the width of the distribution. Numerical simulations in good agreement with experiments allow us to point out the influence of nonradiative decay channels at short distance. © 2012 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Confined modes; Gold film; Local density of state; Measurement planes; Near fields; Near-field; Nonradiative decay channels; Plasmonic; Semi-continuous; Statistical distribution; Optics; Optoelectronic devices
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Light scattering by a magneto-optical nanoparticle in front of a flat surface: Perturbative approach
Marinchio, H., J. J. Sáenz, and R. Carminati
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 85, no. 24 (2012)
Résumé: We develop a perturbative formalism for the interaction of a magneto-optical nanoparticle with a flat surface made of a dielectric or metallic material. The formalism leads to a simple interpretation of the interplay between the purely dielectric and the magneto-optical responses, in terms of excitation of (and radiation by) two orthogonal electric dipoles. We analyze two different routes for the enhancement of the magneto-optical response with respect to the purely dielectric contribution, both based on the nanoparticle-surface interaction. The enhancement is discussed in terms of relevant magneto-optical signals, such as changes in reflectivity, polarization (Kerr) rotation, and ellipticity. © 2012 American Physical Society.
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Localized mode hybridization by fine tuning of two-dimensional random media
Labonté, L., C. Vanneste, and P. Sebbah
Optics Letters 37, no. 11, 1946-1948 (2012)
Résumé: We study numerically the interaction of spatially localized modes in strongly scattering two-dimensional (2D) media. We move eigenvalues in the complex plane by changing gradually the index of a single scatterer. When spatial and spectral overlap is sufficient, localized states couple, and avoided level crossing is observed. We show that local manipulation of the disordered structure can couple several localized states to form an extended chain of hybridized modes crossing the entire sample, thus changing the nature of certain modes from localized to extended in a nominally localized disordered system. We suggest such a chain in 2D random systems is the analog of one-dimensional necklace states, the occasional open channels predicted by Pendry [Physics 1, 20 (2008).] through which the light can sneak through an opaque medium. © 2012 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Complex planes; Disordered structures; Disordered system; Eigenvalues; Fine tuning; Hybridized modes; Level crossing; Localized modes; Localized state; Open channels; Random media; Random systems; Spectral overlap; Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions; Two dimensional
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Absorption by an optical dipole antenna in a structured environment
Castanié, E., R. Vincent, R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012)
Résumé: We compute generalized absorption and extinction cross-sections of an optical dipole nanoantenna in a structured environment. The expressions explicitly show the influence of radiation reaction and the local density of states on the intrinsic absorption properties of the antenna. Engineering the environment could allow to modify the overall absorption as well as the frequency and the linewidth of a resonant antenna. Conversely, a dipole antenna can be used to probe the photonic environment, in a similar way as a quantum emitter. Copyright © 2012 E. Castanié et al.
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Source location from fluorescence lifetime in disordered media
Irishina, N., M. Moscoso, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 37, no. 5, 951-953 (2012)
Résumé: We show that the source location problem can be solved in a scattering medium using the fluorescence lifetime and realistic a priori information. The intrinsic ill-posedness of the problem is reduced when the level of scattering increases. This work is a proof of principle demonstrating the high potential of quantitative lifetime imaging in complex media. © 2012 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Complex media; Disordered media; Fluorescence lifetimes; High potential; Ill-posedness; Lifetime imaging; Priori information; Proof of principles; Scattering medium; Source location; Source location problem; Optics; Optoelectronic devices; Fluorescence
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Time-domain radiation and absorption by subwavelength sources
Bossy, E., and R. Carminati
EuroPhysics Letters 97, no. 3, 34001 (2012)
Résumé: Radiation by elementary sources is a basic problem in wave physics. We show that the time-domain energy flux radiated from electromagnetic and acoustic subwalength sources exhibits remarkable features. In particular, a subtle trade-off between source emission and absorption underlies the mechanism of radiation. This behavior should be observed for any kind of classical waves, thus having broad potential implications. We discuss the implication for subwavelength focusing by time reversal with active sources. Copyright © EPLA, 2012.
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Exploiting the time-reversal operator for adaptive optics, selective focusing, and scattering pattern analysis
Popoff, S. M., A. Aubry, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan
Physical Review Letters 107, no. 26 (2011)
Résumé: We report on the experimental measurement of the backscattering matrix of a weakly scattering medium in optics, composed of a few dispersed gold nanobeads. The decomposition of the time-reversal operator is applied to this matrix and we demonstrate selective and efficient focusing on individual scatterers, even through an aberrating layer. Moreover, we show that this approach provides the decomposition of the scattering pattern of a single nanoparticle. These results open important perspectives for optical imaging, characterization, and selective excitation of nanoparticles. © 2011 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Backscattering matrix; Experimental measurements; matrix; Nanobeads; Optical imaging; Scattering medium; Scattering pattern; Selective excitations; Single nanoparticle; Time-reversal operator; Nanoparticles; Scattering
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Nonlinear effects in random lasers
Andreasen, J., P. Sebbah, and C. Vanneste
Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics 28, no. 12, 2947-2955 (2011)
Résumé: Recent numerical and theoretical studies have demonstrated that the modes at threshold of a random laser are in direct correspondence with the resonances of the same system without gain, a feature which is well known in conventional lasers but not known until recently for random lasers. This paper presents numerical results of the multimode regime that takes place when the pumping rate is progressively increased above threshold. Behavior that is already known in standard lasers, such as mode competition and nonlinear wave mixing, are shown to also take place in random lasers thus reinforcing their recent modal description. However, due to the complexity of the laser modes and to the openness of such lasers, which require large external pumping to compensate for strong loss, one observes that these effects are systematic and can be more pronounced than in a conventional laser. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Conventional lasers; Mode competition; Multimodes; Nonlinear effect; Nonlinear wave mixing; Numerical results; Pumping rate; Random lasers; Theoretical study; Laser beams; Pumping (laser)
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Cramer-Rao analysis of steady-state and time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical imaging
Boffety, M., M. Allain, A. Sentenac, M. Massonneau, and R. Carminati
Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 6, 1626-1636 (2011)
Résumé: Using a Cramer-Rao analysis, we study the theoretical performances of a time and spatially resolved fDOT imaging system for jointly estimating the position and the concentration of a point-wide fluorescent volume in a diffusive sample. We show that the fluorescence lifetime is a critical parameter for the precision of the technique. A time resolved fDOT system that does not use spatial information is also considered. In certain cases, a simple steady-state configuration may be as efficient as this time resolved fDOT system. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Critical parameter; Diffuse optical imaging; Fluorescence lifetimes; Spatial informations; Spatially resolved; Theoretical performance; Time domain; Time-resolved; Fluorescence; Time domain analysis
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Controlling light through optical disordered media: Transmission matrix approach
Popoff, S. M., G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan
New Journal of Physics 13 (2011)
Résumé: We experimentally measure the monochromatic transmission matrix (TM) of an optical multiple scattering medium using a spatial light modulator together with a phase-shifting interferometry measurement method. The TM contains all the information needed to shape the scattered output field at will or to detect an image through the medium. We confront theory and experiment for these applications and study the effect of noise on the reconstruction method. We also extracted from the TM information about the statistical properties of the medium and the light transport within it. In particular, we are able to isolate the contributions of the memory effect and measure its attenuation length. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
Mots-clés: Attenuation lengths; Disordered media; Light transport; Memory effects; Multiple-scattering medium; Phase shifting Interferometry; Reconstruction method; Spatial light modulators; Statistical properties; Transmission matrix; Light modulators; Light transmission
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Coherent flash of light emitted by a cold atomic cloud
Chalony, M., R. Pierrat, D. Delande, and D. Wilkowski
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 84, no. 1 (2011)
Résumé: When a resonant laser sent on an optically thick cold atomic cloud is abruptly switched off, a coherent flash of light is emitted in the forward direction. This transient phenomenon is observed due to the highly resonant character of the atomic scatterers. We analyze quantitatively its temporal properties and show very good agreement with theoretical predictions. Based on complementary experiments, the phase of the coherent field is reconstructed without interferometric tools. © 2011 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Atomic clouds; Coherent fields; Temporal property; Theoretical prediction; Transient phenomenon; Atoms
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Long-tail statistics of the purcell factor in disordered media driven by near-field interactions
Sapienza, R., P. Bondareff, R. Pierrat, B. Habert, R. Carminati, and N. F. Van Hulst
Physical Review Letters 106, no. 16 (2011)
Résumé: In this Letter, we study the Purcell effect in a 3D disordered dielectric medium through fluorescence decay rates of nanosized light sources. We report distributions of Purcell factor with non-Gaussian long-tailed statistics and an enhancement of up to 8 times the average value. We attribute this large enhancement to strong fluctuations of the local density of states induced by near-field scattering sustained by more than one particle. Our findings go beyond standard diagrammatic and single-scattering models and can be explained only by taking into account the full near-field interaction. © 2011 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Average values; Disordered dielectrics; Disordered media; Fluorescence decays; Local density of state; Nano-sized; Near field interactions; Near-field scattering; Non-Gaussian; Purcell effect; Purcell factor; Single-scattering model; Light sources; Dielectric materials
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Magneto-optical control of Förster energy transfer
Vincent, R., and R. Carminati
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 83, no. 16 (2011)
Résumé: We introduce a general framework to study dipole-dipole energy transfer between an emitter and an absorber in a nanostructured environment. The theory allows us to address Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between a donor and an acceptor in the presence of a nanoparticle with an anisotropic electromagnetic response. In the particular case of a magneto-optical anisotropy, we compute the generalized FRET rate and discuss the orders of magnitude. The distance dependence, the FRET efficiency, and the sensitivity to the orientation of the transition dipoles orientation differ from standard FRET and can be controlled using the static magnetic field as an external parameter. © 2011 American Physical Society.
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Image transmission through an opaque material
Popoff, S., G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan
Nature Communications 1, no. 6 (2010)
Résumé: Optical imaging relies on the ability to illuminate an object, collect and analyse the light it scatters or transmits. Propagation through complex media such as biological tissues was so far believed to degrade the attainable depth, as well as the resolution for imaging, because of multiple scattering. This is why such media are usually considered opaque. Recently, we demonstrated that it is possible to measure the complex mesoscopic optical transmission channels that allow light to traverse through such an opaque medium. Here, we show that we can optimally exploit those channels to coherently transmit and recover an arbitrary image with a high fidelity, independently of the complexity of the propagation. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Mots-clés: article; imaging system; laser diffraction; light scattering; optical tomography; visual system
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Fluctuations of the local density of states probe localized surface plasmons on disordered metal films
Krachmalnicoff, V., E. Castanié, Y. De Wilde, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 105, no. 18 (2010)
Résumé: We measure the statistical distribution of the local density of optical states (LDOS) on disordered semicontinuous metal films. We show that LDOS fluctuations exhibit a maximum in a regime where fractal clusters dominate the film surface. These large fluctuations are a signature of surface-plasmon localization on the nanometer scale. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Disordered metals; Film surfaces; Fractal clusters; Local density; Local density of state; Localized surface plasmon; Nano-meter scale; Optical state; Semicontinuous metal films; Statistical distribution; Surface-plasmon; Metallic films; Plasmons; Optical data storage
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Near-field interactions and nonuniversality in speckle patterns produced by a point source in a disordered medium
Cazé, A., R. Pierrat, and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 82, no. 4 (2010)
Résumé: A point source in a disordered scattering medium generates a speckle pattern with nonuniversal features, giving rise to the so-called C0 correlation. We analyze theoretically the relationship between the C0 correlation and the statistical fluctuations of the local density of states, based on simple arguments of energy conservation. This derivation leads to a clear physical interpretation of the C0 correlation. Using exact numerical simulations, we show that C0 is essentially a correlation resulting from near-field interactions. These interactions are responsible for the nonuniversality of C0 that confers to this correlation a huge potential for sensing and imaging at the subwavelength scale in complex media. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Complex media; Disordered medium; Local density of state; Near field interactions; Nonuniversality; Numerical simulation; Physical interpretation; Point sources; Scattering medium; Sensing and imaging; Speckle patterns; Statistical fluctuations; Subwavelength scale; Ferroelectric materials; Speckle; Correlation methods
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Theory of infrared nanospectroscopy by photothermal induced resonance
Dazzi, A., F. Glotin, and R. Carminati
Journal of Applied Physics 107, no. 12 (2010)
Résumé: We present a theoretical investigation of the physics involved in a recently developed spectromicroscopy technique, called photothermal induced resonance (PTIR). With this technique, one measures the local infrared absorption spectrum of a sample shined with a tunable infrared laser pulse, and detects the induced photothermal expansion with the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). Simple physical assumptions allow us to describe analytically the heating and expansion of the sample, the excitation of the vibration modes of the AFM cantilever, and the detected signal. We show that the signal depends on the thermal expansion velocity rather than on the absolute displacement of the tip, and we investigate the influence of the laser pulse length. Eventually, we express the PTIR signal in terms of relevant parameters, and prove its proportionality to the sample absorbance. This analytical approach complement our experimental results and validates the PTIR method as a technique of choice for infrared spectroscopy of nanoscopic samples, getting around optical artifacts like reflectance perturbation. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Absolute displacement; Absorbances; AFM cantilevers; Analytical approach; Atomic force microscopes; Photo-thermal; Photothermal expansion; Physical assumptions; Spectromicroscopy; Theoretical investigations; Tunable infrared laser; Vibration modes; Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic force microscopy; Atomic spectroscopy; Infrared lasers; Infrared spectroscopy; Laser pulses; Photolithography; Pulsed laser applications; Resonance; Vibration analysis; Thermal expansion
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Spontaneous decay rate of a dipole emitter in a strongly scattering disordered environment
Pierrat, R., and R. Carminati
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 81, no. 6 (2010)
Résumé: We study the statistics of the fluorescence decay rate of a dipole emitter embedded in a strongly scattering medium. In the multiple-scattering regime, the probability of observing a decrease in the decay rate is substantial, as predicted by exact numerical simulations. The decrease originates from a reduction of the local density of optical states and is due to collective interactions and interferences. In the strong-scattering regime, signatures of recurrent scattering are visible in the behavior of the average decay rate. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Decay rate; Fluorescence decays; Local density; Numerical simulation; Optical state; Scattering medium; Scattering regime; Spontaneous decay rates; Computer simulation; Decay (organic); Optical waveguides; Scattering
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Subwavelength spatial correlations in near-field speckle patterns
Carminati, R.
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 81, no. 5 (2010)
Résumé: At subwavelength distance from the exit surface of a disordered medium, speckle patterns generated by multiple scattering of waves exhibit nonuniversal near-field correlations. A calculation of the field spatial correlation function shows that the correlation length is driven by the microscopic structure of the medium. The averaged speckle spot size can be smaller than the wavelength, even for nonresonant dielectric media. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Correlation lengths; Disordered medium; Microscopic structures; Near-field; Near-field speckles; Nonresonant dielectrics; Spatial correlation functions; Spatial correlations; Speckle patterns; Spot sizes; Sub-wavelength; Speckle
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Measuring the transmission matrix in optics: An approach to the study and control of light propagation in disordered media
Popoff, S. M., G. Lerosey, R. Carminati, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan
Physical Review Letters 104, no. 10 (2010)
Résumé: We introduce a method to experimentally measure the monochromatic transmission matrix of a complex medium in optics. This method is based on a spatial phase modulator together with a full-field interferometric measurement on a camera. We determine the transmission matrix of a thick random scattering sample. We show that this matrix exhibits statistical properties in good agreement with random matrix theory and allows light focusing and imaging through the random medium. This method might give important insight into the mesoscopic properties of a complex medium. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Complex medium; Disordered media; Full-field; Interferometric measurement; matrix; Mesoscopic properties; Random matrix theory; Random medium; Random scattering; Spatial phase modulator; Statistical properties; Transmission matrix; Light; Light propagation; Light transmission
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Controlling the quantum yield of a dipole emitter with coupled plasmonic modes
Vandenbem, C., D. Brayer, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, and R. Carminati
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 81, no. 8 (2010)
Résumé: We study theoretically the possibility of controlling the quantum yield of a single dipole emitter using coupled plasmonic modes. Plasmon hybridization offers spectral and spatial degrees of freedom that can be used to tune the spontaneous decay rate and the apparent quantum yield with high sensitivity. We demonstrate this concept on simple structures that could be implemented experimentally. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
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Radiative corrections to the polarizability tensor of an electrically small anisotropic dielectric particle
Albaladejo, S., R. Gómez-Medina, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, H. Marinchio, R. Carminati, J. F. Torrado, G. Armelles, A. García-Martín, and J. J. Sáenz
Optics Express 18, no. 4, 3556-3567 (2010)
Résumé: Radiative corrections to the polarizability tensor of isotropic particles are fundamental to understand the energy balance between absorption and scattering processes. Equivalent radiative corrections for anisotropic particles are not well known. Assuming that the polarization within the particle is uniform, we derived a closed-form expression for the polarizability tensor which includes radiative corrections. In the absence of absorption, this expression of the polarizability tensor is consistent with the optical theorem. An analogous result for infinitely long cylinders was also derived. Magneto optical Kerr effects in non-absorbing nanoparticles with magneto-optical activity arise as a consequence of radiative corrections to the electrostatic polarizability tensor. © 2010 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Anisotropic dielectrics; Anisotropic particles; Closed-form expression; Isotropic particles; Magneto-optical activity; Magneto-optical Kerr effects; Optical theorem; Polarizability tensor; Radiative corrections; Scattering process; Absorption; Anisotropy; Gene expression; High energy physics; Kerr magnetooptical effect; Magnetic field effects; Magnetos; Tensors; Optical Kerr effect; anisotropy; article; computer simulation; electromagnetic field; impedance; particle size; radiation dose; radiati
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Towards a random laser with cold atoms
Guerin, W., N. Mercadier, F. Michaud, D. Brivio, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, R. Carminati, V. Eremeev, A. Goetschy, S. E. Skipetrov, and R. Kaiser
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 12, no. 2 (2010)
Résumé: Atoms can scatter light and they can also amplify it by stimulated emission. From this simple starting point, we examine the possibility of realizing a random laser in a cloud of laser-cooled atoms. The answer is not obvious as both processes (elastic scattering and stimulated emission) seem to exclude one another: pumping atoms to make them behave as an amplifier drastically reduces their scattering cross-section. However, we show that even the simplest atom model allows the efficient combination of gain and scattering. Moreover, the supplementary degrees of freedom that atoms offer allow the use of several gain mechanisms, depending on the pumping scheme. We thus first study these different gain mechanisms and show experimentally that they can induce (standard) lasing. We then present how the constraint of combining scattering and gain can be quantified, which leads to an evaluation of the random laser threshold. The results are promising and we draw some prospects for a practical realization of a random laser with cold atoms. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Mots-clés: Cold atoms; Random laser; Cold atoms; Degrees of freedom; Laser-cooled atoms; Practical realizations; Pumping schemes; Random lasers; Scattering cross section; Degrees of freedom (mechanics); Laser beams; Pumps; Scattering; Stimulated emission; Atoms
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Fluorescence quenching by a metal nanoparticle in the extreme near-field regime
Castanié, E., M. Boffety, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 35, no. 3, 291-293 (2010)
Résumé: We study the spontaneous decay rate of a dipóle emitter close to a metallic nanoparticle in the extreme nearfield regime. The metal is modeled using a nonlocal dielectric function that accounts for the microscopic length scales of the free electron gas. We describe quantitatively the crossover between the macroscopic and microscopic regimes and the enhanced nonradiative decay due to microscopic interactions. Our theory is in agreement with results previously established in the asymptotic near- and far-field regimes. © 2010 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Dielectric functions; Far-field; Fluorescence quenching; Free electron gas; Metal nanoparticles; Metallic nanoparticles; Microscopic interaction; Microscopic length scale; Near-field; Nonlocal; Nonradiative decays; Spontaneous decay rates; Decay (organic); Electron gas; Nanoparticles
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Fluorescence signal of a single emitter coupled to a nanoparticle through a plasmonic film
Vandenbem, C., L. S. Froufe-Pérez, and R. Carminati
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 11, no. 11 (2009)
Résumé: We study theoretically the detection of the fluorescence intensity emitted by a single emitter coupled to a nanoparticle through a metallic thin film. The coupling results from the overlap of the surface plasmon modes propagating on each interface of the film. We show that the distance between the nanoparticle and the film can be used to tune the apparent quantum yield and the radiation pattern with nanometer-scale sensitivity. Such a system is appealing from the experimental point of view since it involves simple structures that can be controlled using current scanning near-field optical techniques. It could be used to improve the detection sensitivity of molecules embedded in substrates, or to design sensitive biological or chemical plasmonic sensors. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Mots-clés: Fluorescence; Molecular imaging; Plasmons; Quenching; Single molecule; Detection sensitivity; Fluorescence intensities; Fluorescence molecular; Fluorescence signals; Metallic thin films; Molecular imaging; Nano-meter-scale; Near-field; Optical technique; Plasmonic sensors; Radiation patterns; Simple structures; Single emitter; Single molecule; Surface plasmon modes; Fluorescence; Molecules; Optical data storage; Plasmons; Quenching; Nanoparticles
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Threshold of a random laser with cold atoms
Froufe-Pérez, L. S., W. Guerin, R. Carminati, and R. Kaiser
Physical Review Letters 102, no. 17 (2009)
Résumé: We address the problem of achieving an optical random laser with a cloud of cold atoms, in which gain and scattering are provided by the same atoms. The lasing threshold can be defined using the on-resonance optical thickness b0 as a single critical parameter. We predict the threshold quantitatively, as well as power and frequency of the emitted light, using two different light transport models and the atomic polarizability of a strongly pumped two-level atom. We find a critical b0 on the order of 300, which is within reach of state-of-the-art cold-atom experiments. Interestingly, we find that random lasing can already occur in a regime of relatively low scattering. © 2009 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Atomic polarizability; Cold atoms; Critical parameter; Emitted light; Lasing threshold; Light transport model; Optical thickness; Random lasers; Random lasing; Two-level atom; Laser beams; Atoms
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Density of states and extinction mean free path of waves in random media: Dispersion relations and sum rules
Carminati, R., and J. J. Sáenz
Physical Review Letters 102, no. 9 (2009)
Résumé: We establish a fundamental relationship between the averaged local density of states and the extinction mean free path of waves propagating in random media. From the principle of causality and the Kramers-Kronig relations, we show that both quantities are connected by dispersion relations and are constrained by a frequency sum rule. The results should be helpful in the analysis of wave transport through complex media and in the design of materials with specific transport properties. © 2009 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Transport properties; Complex medias; Density of state; Dispersion relations; Kramers-Kronig relations; Local density of state; Mean free paths; Random medias; Sum rules; Wave transports; Quantum theory
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Analysis of the depth resolution limit of luminescence diffuse optical imaging
Boffety, M., M. Allain, A. Sentenac, M. Massonneau, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 33, no. 20, 2290-2292 (2008)
Résumé: We introduce a methodology to determine quantitatively the depth resolution limit in luminescence diffuse optical imaging. The approach is based on a Cramer-Rao statistical analysis, a noise model, and calculations of photon transport in tissues. We illustrate the method in the case of luminescence imaging in a brain-skull model, showing its potential applications in molecular imaging on small animals. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Light emission; Luminescence; Optical image storage; Optical variables measurement; Depth resolutions; Diffuse optical imaging; Luminescence imaging; Molecular imaging; Noise models; Photon transports; Potential applications; Skull models; Small animals; Statistical analysis; Light sources
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Controlling the fluorescence lifetime of a single emitter on the nanoscale using a plasmonic superlens
Froufe-Pérez, L. S., and R. Carminati
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 78, no. 12 (2008)
Résumé: Coupling a single dipole emitter to a metallic nanoparticle through the optical modes of a planar superlens made of left-handed material can lead to substantial modifications of its spontaneous decay rate. We provide a quantitative study based on exact numerical simulation and show that such a scheme could allow the detection, the localization, and the control of the emitter dynamics with nanometer-scale sensitivity, as well as the determination of its transition dipole orientation. © 2008 The American Physical Society.
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Lifetime fluctuations of a single emitter in a disordered nanoscopic system: The influence of the transition dipole orientation
Froufe-Pérez, L. S., and R. Carminati
Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials Science 205, no. 6, 1258-1265 (2008)
Résumé: We study the fluctuations of the fluorescence decay rate of a single emitter in a random cluster of nanoparticles, in a regime dominated by near-field scattering. Configurational changes of the environment induce statistical changes of the decay rate. Two regimes are considered which differ in terms of transition dipole orientation. In one regime, the orientation of the transition dipole is assumed to remain constant while the configuration of the cluster changes randomly. In another regime, the orientation of the transition dipole is assumed unknown and continuously averaged over the three directions of space. Using exact numerical simulations and a simple analytical model, we show that the statistical distributions of the spontaneous decay rate are substantially different in both regimes. In both cases, the decay rate fluctuations are strongly dependent on the level of absorption at the nanoscale. We discuss the impact of this result in terms of imaging in complex media. © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Mots-clés: Analytical models; Complex medias; Decay rates; Fluorescence decay rates; Imaging; Nanoscale; Nanoscopic systems; Near-field; Numerical simulations; Random clusters; Spontaneous decay rates; Statistical distributions; Three directions; Transition dipoles; Absorption; Computer simulation; Molecular vibrations; Nanotechnology; Optical waveguides; Statistical methods; Decay (organic)
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Theory of the time reversal cavity for electromagnetic fields
Carminati, R., R. Pierrat, J. De Rosny, and M. Fink
Optics Letters 32, no. 21, 3107-3109 (2007)
Résumé: We derive a general expression of the electric dyadic Green function in a time-reversal cavity, based on vector diffraction theory in the frequency domain. Our theory gives a rigorous framework to time-reversal experiments using electromagnetic waves and suggests a methodology to design structures generating subwavelength focusing after time reversal. © 2007 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Diffraction; Electromagnetic waves; Frequency domain analysis; Green's function; Microcavities; Time reversal cavity; Electromagnetic fields
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Thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscopy
De Wilde, Y., F. Formanek, R. Carminati, B. Gralak, P.-A. Lemoine, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, Y. Chen, and J.-J. Greffet
Nature 444, no. 7120, 740-743 (2006)
Résumé: In standard near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a subwavelength probe acts as an optical 'stethoscope' to map the near field produced at the sample surface by external illumination. This technique has been applied using visible, infrared, terahertz and gigahertz radiation to illuminate the sample, providing a resolution well beyond the diffraction limit. NSOM is well suited to study surface waves such as surface plasmons or surface-phonon polaritons. Using an aperture NSOM with visible laser illumination, a near-field interference pattern around a corral structure has been observed, whose features were similar to the scanning tunnelling microscope image of the electronic waves in a quantum corral. Here we describe an infrared NSOM that operates without any external illumination: it is a near-field analogue of a night-vision camera, making use of the thermal infrared evanescent fields emitted by the surface, and behaves as an optical scanning tunnelling microscope. We therefore term this instrument a 'thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscope' (TRSTM). We show the first TRSTM images of thermally excited surface plasmons, and demonstrate spatial coherence effects in near-field thermal emission. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group.
Mots-clés: diffraction; scanning tunnelling microscopy; temperature effect; article; illumination; infrared radiation; microscope; near field scanning optical microscopy; priority journal; radiation; scanning tunneling microscopy; signal detection; surface plasmon resonance; thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscopy
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Modal representation of spatial coherence in dissipative and resonant photonic systems
Sauvan, C., J. P. Hugonin, R. Carminati, and P. Lalanne
Physical Review A 89, no. 4 (2014)
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