Sébastien POPOFF

Résumé: Structured illumination enables the tailoring of an imaging device’s optical transfer function to enhance resolution. We propose the incorporation of a temporal periodic modulation, specifically a rotating mask, to encode multiple transfer functions in the temporal domain. This approach is demonstrated using a confocal microscope configuration. At each scanning position, a temporal periodic signal is recorded. By filtering around each harmonic of the rotation frequency, multiple images of the same object can be constructed. The image carried by the nth harmonic is a convolution of the object with a phase vortex of topological charge n, similar to the outcome when using a vortex phase plate as an illumination. This enables the collection of chosen high spatial frequencies from the sample, thereby enhancing the spatial resolution of the confocal microscope.

Résumé: We report experimental results where a momentum entangled biphoton state with a Schmidt number of a few thousand is retrieved and manipulated when only one photon of the pair is transmitted through a thin scattering medium. For this purpose, the transmission matrix of the complex medium is first measured with a phase-shifting interferometry measurement method using a spatial light modulator (SLM) illuminated with a laser source. From this matrix, different phase masks are calculated and addressed on the SLM to spatially control the focusing of the laser through the complex medium. These same masks are used to manipulate the phase of the biphoton wave function transmitted by the thin diffuser in order to restore and control in the same way the momentum correlations between the far-field images of twin beams issued from strongly spatial-multi-mode spontaneous parametric down conversion.

Résumé: The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow us to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working in this field, which has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead.

Résumé: When multimode optical fibers are perturbed, the data that is transmitted through them is scrambled. This presents a major difficulty for many possible applications, such as multimode fiber based telecommunication and endoscopy. To overcome this challenge, a deep learning approach that generalizes over mechanical perturbations is presented. Using this approach, successful reconstruction of the input images from intensity-only measurements of speckle patterns at the output of a 1.5 m-long randomly perturbed multimode fiber is demonstrated. The model's success is explained by hidden correlations in the speckle of random fiber conformations.

Résumé: L'objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est d'associer les outils et le formalisme développés en acoustique aux techniques propres à l'optique. Ces études ont été rendues possibles grâce aux avancées technologiques récentes qui autorisent le contrôle et la mesure, spatialement et temporellement, des ondes optiques. En nous appuyant sur un système permettant de contrôler et de mesurer spatialement le champ complexe optique, nous avons enregistré la matrice de transmission d'un milieu diffusant. Nous exploitons cette matrice pour focaliser la lumière et détecter des images à travers le milieu ainsi que pour l'étude de ses propriétés physiques. En utilisant un montage et un modèle similaire, nous mesurons ensuite à travers un milieu aberrateur la matrice de réflexion d'un milieu contenant quelques diffuseurs efficaces. Nous exploitons la décomposition en valeurs singulières de cette matrice pour détecter les diffuseurs et focaliser la lumière sélectivement sur plusieurs d'entre eux, en compensant les aberrations du milieu de propagation. Une autre approche présentée est l'exploitation de l'analyse de la matrice de réflexion pour l'étude des modes de rayonnement d'une particule unique. La dernière étude réalisée concerne l'application du retournement sur modulation en optique. Cette technique consiste à apprendre les réponses d'un milieu diffusant ou réverbérant à une modulation et à exploiter ces réponses pour focaliser la lumière au sein du milieu. Nous prouvons l'efficacité de cette technique pour la focalisation temporelle dans une cavité et tentons de l'étendre pour une focalisation à la fois spatiale et temporelle.

Résumé: © 2019 American Physical Society. We prove that optimal control of light energy storage in disordered media can be reached by wave front shaping. For this purpose, we build an operator for dwell times from the scattering matrix and characterize its full eigenvalue distribution both numerically and analytically in the diffusive regime, where the thickness L of the medium is much larger than the mean free path â.,". We show that the distribution has a finite support with a maximal dwell time larger than the most likely value by a factor (L/â.,")2≫1. This reveals that the highest dwell-time eigenstates deposit more energy than the open channels of the medium. Finally, we show that the dwell-time operator can be used to store energy in resonant targets buried in complex media, without any need for guide stars.

Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. Performing linear operations using optical devices is a crucial building block in many fields ranging from telecommunications to optical analog computation and machine learning. For many of these applications, key requirements are robustness to fabrication inaccuracies, reconfigurability, and scalability. We propose a way to perform linear operations using complex optical media such as multimode fibers or scattering media as a computational platform driven by wavefront shaping. Given a large random transmission matrix representing light propagation in such a medium, we can extract any desired smaller linear operator by finding suitable input and output projectors. We demonstrate this concept by finding input wavefronts using a spatial light modulator that cause the complex medium to act as a desired complex-valued linear operator on the optical field. We experimentally build several 16 × 16 operators and discuss the fundamental limits of the scalability of our approach. It offers the prospect of reconfigurable, robust, and easy-to-fabricate linear optical analog computation units.

Résumé: We report on the experimental measurement of the backscattering matrix of a weakly scattering medium in optics, composed of a few dispersed gold nanobeads. The decomposition of the time-reversal operator is applied to this matrix and we demonstrate selective and efficient focusing on individual scatterers, even through an aberrating layer. Moreover, we show that this approach provides the decomposition of the scattering pattern of a single nanoparticle. These results open important perspectives for optical imaging, characterization, and selective excitation of nanoparticles. © 2011 American Physical Society.

Résumé: Recently, a method has been proposed by I. Vellekoop et al. [1] to focus light through a multiple scattering material, using a spatial light modulator as a tool to shape the incoming beam to obtain a maximal interference on a speckle spot of the output speckle pattern. The result is a bright, diffraction limited, spot which can be several hundred times brighter than the rest of the speckle. © 2011 IEEE.

Résumé: We introduce a method to measure the transmission matrix of a complex medium. This matrix exhibits statistical properties in good agreement with random matrix theory and allows light focusing and imaging through the random medium. ©2010 IEEE.