Symmetry-breaking-induced off-resonance second-harmonic generation enhancement in asymmetric plasmonic nanoparticle dimers
Wang, Y., Z. Peng, Y. De Wilde, and D. Lei
Nanophotonics (2024)
Résumé: The linear and nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanoparticles have attracted considerable experimental and theoretical research interest. To date, most researchers have focused primarily on exploiting their plasmon excitation enhanced near-field and far-field responses and related applications in sensing, imaging, energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. Among numerous plasmonic structures, nanoparticle dimers, being a structurally simple and easy-to-prepare system, hold significant importance in the field of nanoplasmonics. In highly symmetric plasmonic nanostructures, although the odd-order optical nonlinearity of the near-surface region will be improved because of the enhanced near-fields, even-order nonlinear processes such as second-harmonic generation (SHG) will still be quenched and thus optically forbidden. Under this premise, it is imperative to introduce structural symmetry breaking to realize plasmon-enhanced even-order optical nonlinearity. Here, we fabricate a series of nanoparticle dimers each composed of two gold nanospheres with different diameters and subsequently investigate their structural asymmetry dependent linear and nonlinear optical properties. We find that the SHG intensities of gold nanosphere dimers are significantly enhanced by structural asymmetry under off-resonance excitation while the plasmonic near-field enhancement mainly affects SHG under on-resonance excitation. Our results reveal that symmetry breaking will play an indispensable role when designing novel coupled plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced nonlinear optical properties.
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Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Emission Cross Section of Nanoresonators Using Hierarchical Poisson-Disk Distributions
Langevin, D., C. Verlhac, J. Jaeck, L. Abou-Hamdan, E. Taupeau, B. Fix, N. Bardou, C. Dupuis, Y. De Wilde, R. Haïdar, and P. Bouchon
Physical Review Letters 132, no. 4 (2024)
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Single-emitter super-resolved imaging of radiative decay rate enhancement in dielectric gap nanoantennas
Córdova-Castro, R. M., B. Van Dam, A. Lauri, S. A. Maier, R. Sapienza, Y. De Wilde, I. Izeddin, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Light: Science and Applications 13, no. 1 (2024)
Résumé: High refractive index dielectric nanoantennas strongly modify the decay rate via the Purcell effect through the design of radiative channels. Due to their dielectric nature, the field is mainly confined inside the nanostructure and in the gap, which is hard to probe with scanning probe techniques. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (smFLIM) to map the decay rate enhancement in dielectric GaP nanoantenna dimers with a median localization precision of 14 nm. We measure, in the gap of the nanoantenna, decay rates that are almost 30 times larger than on a glass substrate. By comparing experimental results with numerical simulations we show that this large enhancement is essentially radiative, contrary to the case of plasmonic nanoantennas, and therefore has great potential for applications such as quantum optics and biosensing.
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Transition from Phononic to Geometrical Mie Modes Measured in Single Subwavelength Polar Dielectric Spheres
Abou-Hamdan, L., L. Coudrat, S. Bidault, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Haïdar, P. Bouchon, and Y. De Wilde
ACS Photonics 9, no. 7, 2295-2303 (2022)
Résumé: Spherical dielectric resonators are highly attractive for light manipulation, thanks to their intrinsic electric and magnetic resonances. Here, we present measurements of the mid-infrared far-field thermal radiation of single subwavelength dielectric spheres deposited on a gold substrate, of radii ranging from 1 to 2.5 μm, which agree quantitatively with simulated absorption cross sections. For SiO2microspheres, we evidence the excitation of both surface phonon-polariton (SPhP) modes and geometrical electric and magnetic Mie modes. The transition from a phonon-mode-dominated to a Mie-mode-dominated emission spectrum is observed, with a threshold radius of ∼1.5 μm. We also show that the presence of the metallic substrate augments the computed spheres absorption cross-section due to increased local field enhancement, arising from the near-field interaction of the spheres oscillating charges with their image in the metallic mirror. In contrast, measurements of single subwavelength SPhP-inactive PTFE spheres reveal that the mid-infrared response of such lossy spheres is dominated by their bulk absorption. Our results demonstrate how engineering the geometrical and dielectric properties of subwavelength scatterers can enable the control of thermal emission near room temperature, with exciting perspectives for applications such as radiative cooling.
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Extended Hybridization and Energy Transfer in Periodic Multi-Material Organic Structures in Strong Coupling with Surface Plasmon
Bard, A., S. Minot, C. Symonds, J. M. Benoit, A. Gassenq, F. Bessueille, B. Andrioletti, C. Perez, K. Chevrier, Y. De Wilde, V. Krachmalnicoff, and J. Bellessa
Advanced Optical Materials (2022)
Résumé: The strong light−matter coupling, occurring when the light−matter interaction prevails on the damping, has found applications beyond the domain of optics in chemistry or transport. These advances make the development of various structures in strong coupling crucial. In this paper, a new way to hybridize two materials and transfer energy through a surface plasmon over micrometric distances is proposed. For this purpose, two patterned interlocked dye arrays, one donor and one acceptor, are deposited on a silver surface by successive micro-contact printing, leading to a pattern of 5 microns period. The dispersion relation of the structure is measured with reflectometry experiments, showing the hybridization with the plasmon, and the formation of states that mix both excitons and the plasmon with similar weights. The mixing in these polaritonic metasurfaces enables an energy transfer mechanism in the strong coupling, which is observed with luminescence experiments. As the donor and acceptor are spatially separated by a distance larger than the diffraction limit the excitation transfer is directly measured and evaluated by comparison with dye arrays without silver.
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Method to measure the refractive index for photoluminescence modelling
Bailly, E., K. Chevrier, C. P. De La Vega, J. P. Hugonin, Y. De Wilde, V. Krachmalnicoff, B. Vest, and J. J. Greffet
Optical Materials Express 12, no. 7, 2772-2781 (2022)
Résumé: Light emission by fluorophores can be computed from the knowledge of the absorption spectrum. However, at long wavelengths, the calculated emission may diverge if the decay of the imaginary part of the permittivity is not modelled with precision. We report a technique to obtain the permittivity of fluorophores such as dye molecules from fluorescence measurements. We find that the Brendel-Bormann model enables to fit the emission spectra accurately.
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Waveguide efficient directional coupling and decoupling via an integrated plasmonic nanoantenna
Blanquer, G., V. Loo, N. Rahbany, C. Couteau, S. Blaize, R. Salas-Montiel, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Optics Express 29, no. 18, 29034-29043 (2021)
Résumé: The development of integrated photonic devices has led to important advancements in the field of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. One of the main focal points is the coupling between single photon emitters and optical waveguides aiming to achieve efficient optical confinement and propagation. In this work, we focus on the characterization of a hybrid dielectric/plasmonic waveguide consisting of a gold triangular nanoantenna placed on top of a TiO2 waveguide. The strong directionality of the device is experimentally demonstrated by comparing the intensity scattered by the nanotriangle to the one scattered by a SNOM tip for different illumination geometries. The ability of the plasmonic antenna to generate powerful coupling between a single emitter and the waveguide will also be highlighted through numerical simulations.
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Hybrid modes in a single thermally excited asymmetric dimer antenna
Abou-Hamdan, L., C. Li, R. Haidar, V. Krachmalnicoff, P. Bouchon, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Letters 46, no. 5, 981-984 (2021)
Résumé: The study of hybrid modes in a single dimer of neighboring antennas is an essential step to optimize the far-field electromagnetic (EM) response of large-scale metasurfaces or any complex antenna structure made up of subwavelength building blocks. Here we present far-field infrared spatial modulation spectroscopy (IR-SMS) measurements of a single thermally excited asymmetric dimer of square metal-insulator-metal (MIM) antennas separated by a nanometric gap. Through thermal fluctuations, all the EM modes of the antennas are excited, and hybrid bonding and anti-bonding modes can be observed simultaneously. We study the latter within a plasmon hybridization model, and analyze their effect on the far-field response.
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Quantitative Measurement of the Thermal Contact Resistance between a Glass Microsphere and a Plate
Doumouro, J., E. Perros, A. Dodu, N. Rahbany, D. Leprat, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Carminati, W. Poirier, and Y. De Wilde
Physical Review Applied 15, no. 1 (2021)
Résumé: © 2021 American Physical Society. Accurate measurements of the thermal resistance between micro-objects made of insulating materials are complex because of their small size, low conductivity, and the presence of various ill-defined gaps. We address this issue using a modified scanning thermal microscope operating in vacuum and in air. The sphere-plate geometry is considered. Under controlled heating power, we measure the temperature on top of a glass microsphere glued to the probe as it approaches a glass plate at room temperature with nanometer accuracy. In vacuum, a jump is observed at contact. From this jump in temperature and the modeling of the thermal resistance of a sphere, the sphere-plate contact resistance RK=(1.4±0.18)×107KW-1 and effective radius r=36±4 nm are obtained. In air, the temperature on top of the sphere shows a decrease starting from a sphere-plate distance of 200μm. A jump is also observed at contact, with a reduced amplitude. The sphere-plate coupling out of contact can be described by the resistance shape factor of a sphere in front of a plate in air, placed in a circuit involving a series and a parallel resistance that are determined by fitting the approach curve. The contact resistance in air RK - =(1.2±0.46)×107KW-1 is then estimated from the temperature jump. The method is quantitative without requiring any tedious multiple-scale numerical simulation, and is versatile to describe the coupling between micro-objects from large distances to contact in various environments.
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Relocating Single Molecules in Super-Resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Images near a Plasmonic Nanostructure
Blanquer, G., B. Van Dam, A. Gulinatti, G. Acconcia, Y. De Wilde, I. Izeddin, and V. Krachmalnicoff
ACS Photonics 7, no. 2, 393-400 (2020)
Résumé: Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. Single-molecule localization microscopy is a powerful technique with vast potential to study light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Nanostructured environments can modify the fluorescence emission of single molecules, and the induced decay-rate modification can be retrieved to map the local density of optical states (LDOS). However, the modification of the emitter's point spread function (PSF) can lead to its mislocalization, setting a major limitation to the reliability of this approach. In this paper, we address this by simultaneously mapping the position and decay rate of single molecules and by sorting events by their decay rate and PSF size. With the help of numerical simulations, we are able to infer the dipole orientation and to retrieve the real position of mislocalized emitters. We have applied our approach of single-molecule fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (smFLIM) to study the LDOS modification of a silver nanowire over a field of view of ∼ 10 μm2 with a single-molecule localization precision of ∼ 15 nm. This is possible thanks to the combined use of an EMCCD camera and an array of single-photon avalanche diodes, enabling multiplexed and super-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging.
Mots-clés: decay rate; local density of optical states (LDOS); mislocalization; point spread function (PSF); single-molecule fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (smFLIM); single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM)
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Thermal emission from a single glass fiber
Kallel, H., J. Doumouro, V. Krachmalnicoff, Y. De Wilde, and K. Joulain
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 236 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 In this article, we study the thermal light emission from individual fibers of an industrial glass material, which are elementary building blocks of glass wool boards used for thermal insulation. Thermal emission spectra of single fibers of various diameters partially suspended on air are measured in the far field by means of infrared spatial modulation spectroscopy. These experimental spectra are compared with the theoretical absorption efficiency spectra of cylindrical shaped fibers calculated analytically in the framework of Mie theory taking as an input the measured permittivity of the industrial glass material. An excellent qualitative agreement is found between the measured thermal radiation spectra and the theoretical absorption efficiency spectra.
Mots-clés: Far-field thermal radiation; Glass fiber; Mie theory; Single object; Spatial modulation spectroscopy
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Probing near-field light-matter interactions with single-molecule lifetime imaging
Bouchet, D., J. Scholler, G. Blanquer, Y. De Wilde, I. Izeddin, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Optica 6, no. 2, 135-138 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. Nanophotonics offers a promising range of applications spanning from the development of efficient solar cells to quantum communications and biosensing. However, the ability to efficiently couple fluorescent emitters with nanostructured materials requires one to probe light-matter interactions at a subwavelength resolution, which remains experimentally challenging. Here, we introduce an approach to performsuperresolved fluorescence lifetime measurements on samples that are densely labeled with photo-activatable fluorescent molecules. The simultaneous measurement of the position and the decay rate of the molecules provides direct access to the local density of states (LDOS) at the nanoscale.We experimentally demonstrate the performance of the technique by studying the LDOS variations induced in the near field of a silver nanowire, and we show via a Cramér-Rao analysis that the proposed experimental setup enables a single-molecule localization precision of 6 nm.
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Optical cooling achieved by tuning thermal radiation
De Wilde, Y., and R. Haidar
Nature 566, no. 7743, 186-187 (2019)
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Imaging light scattered by a subwavelength nanofiber, from near field to far field
Loo, V., G. Blanquer, M. Joos, Q. Glorieux, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Optics Express 27, no. 2, 350-357 (2019)
Résumé: © 2019 Optical Society of America. We present a direct experimental investigation of the optical field distribution around a suspended tapered optical nanofiber by means of a fluorescent scanning probe. Using a 100 nm diameter fluorescent bead as a probe of the field intensity, we study interferences made by a nanofiber (400 nm diameter) scattering a plane wave (568 nm wavelength). Our scanning fluorescence near-field microscope maps the optical field over 36 µm2, with λ/5 resolution, from contact with the surface of the nanofiber to a few micrometers away. Comparison between experiments and Mie scattering theory allows us to precisely determine the emitter-nanofiber distance and experimental drifts.
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Near-Field and Far-Field Thermal Emission of an Individual Patch Nanoantenna
Li, C., V. Krachmalnicoff, P. Bouchon, J. Jaeck, N. Bardou, R. Haïdar, and Y. De Wilde
Physical Review Letters 121, no. 24 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 American Physical Society. The far-field spectral and near-field spatial responses of an individual metal-insulator-metal nanoantenna are reported, using thermal fluctuations as an internal source of the electromagnetic field. The far-field spectra, obtained by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with spatial modulation based on a light falloff effect in a confocal geometry, have revealed two distinct emission peaks attributed to the excitation of the fundamental mode of the nanoantenna at two distinct wavelengths. Superresolved near-field images of the thermally excited mode have been obtained by thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscopy. Experimental results are supported by numerical simulations showing that it is possible to excite the same mode at different wavelengths near a resonance of the insulating dielectric material forming the antenna.
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One-Shot Measurement of the Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Scattered by a Subwavelength Aperture Tip Coupled to the Environment
Rahbany, N., I. Izeddin, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Carminati, G. Tessier, and Y. De Wilde
ACS Photonics 5, no. 4, 1539-1545 (2018)
Résumé: © 2018 American Chemical Society. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) achieves subwavelength resolution by bringing a nanosized probe close to the surface of the sample. This extends the spectrum of spatial frequencies that can be detected with respect to a diffraction limited microscope. The interaction of the probe with the sample is expected to affect its radiation to the far field in a way that is often hard to predict. Here we address this question by proposing a general method based on full-field off-axis digital holography microscopy which enables to study in detail the far-field radiation from a NSOM probe as a function of its environment. A first application is demonstrated by performing a three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstruction of light scattered from the subwavelength aperture tip of a NSOM, in free space or coupled to transparent and plasmonic media. A single holographic image recorded in one shot in the far field contains information on both the amplitude and the phase of the scattered light. This is sufficient to reverse numerically the propagation of the electromagnetic field all the way to the aperture tip. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations are performed to compare the experimental results with a superposition of magnetic and electric dipole radiation.
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Hyperbolic metamaterials and surface plasmon polaritons
Peragut, F., L. Cerutti, A. Baranov, J. P. Hugonin, T. Taliercio, Y. De Wilde, and J. J. Greffet
Optica 4, no. 11, 1409-1415 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 Optical Society of America. Hyperbolic materials can sustain propagating modes with very large wave vectors and are thus characterized by a very large density of states. In practice, it is possible to mimic a hyperbolic material using a periodic stack of metallic and dielectric layers that can support surface plasmons with large wave vectors. This raises the question of the nature of the modes in the hyperbolic metamaterial medium and their connection to surface plasmons. Here, we address this question experimentally and theoretically by considering an interface separating a hyperbolic metamaterial from a vacuum. We image the local density of states outside the medium at different distances. By carefully analyzing the spectral and spatial structure of the local density of states as the sample is approached from the vacuum, we establish the connection between the two points of view. We find that the homogenized hyperbolic metamaterial picture is valid outside the material for distances larger than a/2p, where a is the period of the multilayer. For smaller distances, the local density of states displays spatial and spectral peaks pointing to the role of surface plasmons propagating along the interfaces in the layer stack.
Mots-clés: Metamaterials; Surface plasmons
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Correlated blinking of fluorescent emitters mediated by single plasmons
Bouchet, D., E. Lhuillier, S. Ithurria, A. Gulinatti, I. Rech, R. Carminati, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 95, no. 3 (2017)
Résumé: © 2017 American Physical Society.We observe time-correlated emission between a single CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dot exhibiting single-photon statistics and a fluorescent nanobead located micrometers apart. This is accomplished by coupling both emitters to a silver nanowire. Single plasmons are created on the latter from the quantum dot, and transfer energy to excite in turn the fluorescent nanobead. We demonstrate that the molecules inside the bead show the same blinking behavior as the quantum dot.
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Enhancement and Inhibition of Spontaneous Photon Emission by Resonant Silicon Nanoantennas
Bouchet, D., M. Mivelle, J. Proust, B. Gallas, I. Ozerov, M. F. Garcia-Parajo, A. Gulinatti, I. Rech, Y. De Wilde, N. Bonod, V. Krachmalnicoff, and S. Bidault
Physical Review Applied 6, no. 6 (2016)
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Near-field to far-field characterization of speckle patterns generated by disordered nanomaterials
Parigi, V., E. Perros, G. Binard, C. Bourdillon, A. Maitre, R. Carminati, V. Krachmalnicoff, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Express 24, no. 7, 7019-7027 (2016)
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Long-Range Plasmon-Assisted Energy Transfer between Fluorescent Emitters
Bouchet, D., D. Cao, R. Carminati, Y. De Wilde, and V. Krachmalnicoff
Physical Review Letters 116, no. 3 (2016)
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Characterization of plasmonic nanoantennas by Holographic Microscopy and Scanning Near-field Microscopy
Martinez-Marrades, A., L. Greusard, Y. De Wilde, N. Bardou, S. Collin, M. Guillon, and G. Tessier
Optics Communications 359, 455-459 (2016)
Résumé: © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. We present a comparison between the optical intensity distributions above a scattering nanohole chain antenna obtained using two different imaging techniques: wide-field digital heterodyne holographic (DHH) microscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). We show that these techniques have complementary possibilities and limitations but can both deliver accurate measurements of the light distribution in and across the plane of the sample in the near- to far-field transition region, at distances up to a few wavelengths around the nanostructure. The easy access to phase measurements using DHH allows for a deeper insight on the nanoantenna scattering behaviour.
Mots-clés: Nanoantennas
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Mapping the radiative and the apparent nonradiative local density of states in the near field of a metallic nanoantenna
Cao, D., A. Cazé, M. Calabrese, R. Pierrat, N. Bardou, S. Collin, R. Carminati, V. Krachmalnicoff, and Y. De Wilde
ACS Photonics 2, no. 2, 189-193 (2015)
Résumé: © 2015 American Chemical Society. We present a novel method to extract the various contributions to the photonic local density of states from near-field fluorescence maps. The approach is based on the simultaneous mapping of the fluorescence intensity and decay rate and on the rigorous application of the reciprocity theorem. It allows us to separate the contributions of the radiative and the apparent nonradiative local density of states to the change in the decay rate. The apparent nonradiative contribution accounts for losses due to radiation out of the detection solid angle and to absorption in the environment. Data analysis relies on a new analytical calculation, and does not require the use of numerical simulations. One of the most relevant applications of the method is the characterization of nanostructures aimed at maximizing the number of photons emitted in the detection solid angle, which is a crucial issue in modern nanophotonics.
Mots-clés: fluorescence microscopy; local density of states; near-field scanning probe; plasmonic nanoantennas; radiative decay rate; reciprocity theorem
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Electromagnetic density of states in complex plasmonic systems
Carminati, R., A. Cazé, D. Cao, F. Peragut, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Pierrat, and Y. De Wilde
Surface Science Reports 70, no. 1, 1-41 (2015)
Résumé: © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Nanostructured materials offer the possibility to tailor light-matter interaction at scales below the wavelength. Metallic nanostructures benefit from the excitation of surface plasmons that permit light concentration at ultrasmall length scales and ultrafast time scales. The local density of states (LDOS) is a central concept that drives basic processes of light-matter interaction such as spontaneous emission, thermal emission and absorption. We introduce theoretically the concept of LDOS, emphasizing the specificities of plasmonics. We connect the LDOS to real observables in nanophotonics, and show how the concept can be generalized to account for spatial coherence. We describe recent methods developed to probe or map the LDOS in complex nanostructures ranging from nanoantennas to disordered metal surfaces, based on dynamic fluorescence measurements or on the detection of thermal radiation.
Mots-clés: Cross density of states; Local density of states; Plasmonics; Spatial coherence; Spontaneous emission; Thermal radiation
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Infrared near-field imaging and spectroscopy based on thermal or synchrotron radiation
Peragut, F., J.-B. Brubach, P. Roy, and Y. De Wilde
Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 25 (2014)
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Optically induced forces in scanning probe microscopy
Kohlgraf-Owens, D. C., S. Sukhov, L. Greusard, Y. De Wilde, and A. Dogariu
Nanophotonics 3, no. 1-2, 105-116 (2014)
Mots-clés: scanning probe microscopy (SPM); near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM); scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM); atomic force microscopy (AFM); Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); near-field optics; optical forces; opto-mechanics; opto-mechanical resonator
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Multi-frequency near-field scanning optical microscopy
Kohlgraf-Owens, D. C., L. Greusard, S. Sukhov, Y. De Wilde, and A. Dogariu
Nanotechnology 25, no. 3 (2014)
Mots-clés: optical force; near-field scanning optical microscopy; opto-mechanics; scanning probe microscopy; atomic force microscopy
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Towards a full characterization of a plasmonic nanostructure with a fluorescent near-field probe
Krachmalnicoff, V., D. Cao, A. Cazé, E. Castanié, R. Pierrat, N. Bardou, S. Collin, R. Carminati, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Express 21, no. 9, 11536-11545 (2013)
Résumé: We report on the experimental and theoretical study of the spatial fluctuations of the local density of states (EM-LDOS) and of the fluorescence intensity in the near-field of a gold nanoantenna. EM-LDOS, fluorescence intensity and topography maps are acquired simultaneously by scanning a fluorescent nanosource grafted on the tip of an atomic force microscope at the surface of the sample. The results are in good quantitative agreement with numerical simulations. This work paves the way for a full near-field characterization of an optical nanoantenna. © 2013 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Atomic force microscope (AFM); Fluorescence intensities; Local density of state; Near-field characterizations; Optical nano antennas; Plasmonic nanostructures; Quantitative agreement; Spatial fluctuation; Atomic force microscopy; Nanostructures; Surface topography; Fluorescence
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Near-field analysis of metallic DFB lasers at telecom wavelengths
Greusard, L., D. Costantini, A. Bousseksou, J. Decobert, F. Lelarge, G.-H. Duan, Y. De Wilde, and R. Colombelli
Optics Express 21, no. 9, 10422-10429 (2013)
Résumé: We image in near-field the transverse modes of semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) lasers operating at λ ≈ 1.3 μm and employing metallic gratings. The active region is based on tensile-strained InGaAlAs quantum wells emitting transverse magnetic polarized light and is coupled via an extremely thin cladding to a nano-patterned gold grating integrated on the device surface. Single mode emission is achieved, which tunes with the grating periodicity. The near-field measurements confirm laser operation on the fundamental transverse mode. Furthermore - together with a laser threshold reduction observed in the DFB lasers - it suggests that the patterning of the top metal contact can be a strategy to reduce the high plasmonic losses in this kind of systems. © 2013 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Device surfaces; Laser operations; Metallic gratings; Near field analysis; Near-field measurement; Single mode emission; Telecom wavelengths; Transverse-magnetic polarized lights; Diffraction gratings; Quantum well lasers; Distributed feedback lasers
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Blackbody spectrum revisited in the near field
Babuty, A., K. Joulain, P.-O. Chapuis, J.-J. Greffet, and Y. De Wilde
Physical Review Letters 110, no. 14 (2013)
Résumé: We report local spectra of the near-field thermal emission recorded by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using a tungsten tip as a local scatterer coupling the near-field thermal emission to the far field. Spectra recorded on silicon carbide and silicon dioxide exhibit temporal coherence due to thermally excited surface waves. Finally, we evaluate the ability of this spectroscopy to probe the frequency dependence of the electromagnetic local density of states. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Fourier transform infrared spectrometer; Frequency dependence; Local density of state; Local spectrum; Near fields; Temporal coherence; Thermal emissions; Tungsten tip; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Silica; Silicon carbide; Surface waves
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A hybrid plasmonic semiconductor laser
Costantini, D., L. Greusard, A. Bousseksou, Y. De Wilde, B. Habert, F. Marquier, J.-J. Greffet, F. Lelarge, J. Decobert, G.-H. Duan, and R. Colombelli
Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 10 (2013)
Résumé: We present a semiconductor-based approach to compensate plasmonic losses. The core idea is to employ an electrically pumped laser diode and to overlap its active region with the evanescent field of a surface plasmon wave. In order to keep the losses at a manageable level, we rely on hybrid waveguide modes stemming from the coupling of a dielectric and a plasmonic mode. The laser device we demonstrate operates-at telecom wavelengths-on such a hybrid plasmonic mode. The device operates by electrical injection at room temperature. The near-field imaging of the laser facet provides evidence of the stimulated emission into the hybrid mode and confirms the prediction of the numerical simulations. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Active regions; Electrical injection; Electrically pumped lasers; Hybrid waveguides; Near field imaging; Plasmonic modes; Room temperature; Surface plasmon waves; Plasmons; Semiconductor lasers; Waveguides
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Tuning the electromagnetic local density of states in graphene-covered systems via strong coupling with graphene plasmons
Messina, R., J.-P. Hugonin, J.-J. Greffet, F. Marquier, Y. De Wilde, A. Belarouci, L. Frechette, Y. Cordier, and P. Ben-Abdallah
Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 87, no. 8 (2013)
Résumé: It is known that the near-field spectrum of the local density of states of the electromagnetic field above a SiC-air interface displays an intense narrow peak due to the presence of a surface polariton. It has been recently shown that this surface wave can be strongly coupled with the sheet plasmon of graphene in graphene-SiC heterosystems. Here, we explore the interplay between these two phenomena and demonstrate that the spectrum of the electromagnetic local density of states in these systems presents two peaks whose positions depend dramatically both on the distance to the interface and on the chemical potential of graphene. This paves the way toward active control of the local density of states. © 2013 American Physical Society.
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In situ generation of surface plasmon polaritons using a near-infrared laser diode
Costantini, D., L. Greusard, A. Bousseksou, R. Rungsawang, T. P. Zhang, S. Callard, J. Decobert, F. Lelarge, G.-H. Duan, Y. De Wilde, and R. Colombelli
Nano Letters 12, no. 9, 4693-4697 (2012)
Résumé: We demonstrate a semiconductor laser-based approach which enables plasmonic active devices in the telecom wavelength range. We show that optimized laser structures based on tensile-strained InGaAlAs quantum wells-coupled to integrated metallic patternings-enable surface plasmon generation in an electrically driven compact device. Experimental evidence of surface plasmon generation is obtained with the slit-doublet experiment in the near-field, using near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements. © 2012 American Chemical Society.
Mots-clés: diode laser; distributed-feedback lasers; Plasmonics; quantum wells; surface-plasmon generation/amplification; Active devices; Compact devices; Experimental evidence; In-situ; InGaAlAs; Laser structures; Near-field; Near-infrared lasers; Plasmonic; Plasmonics; Surface plasmon polaritons; Surface plasmons; Surface-plasmon; Telecom wavelengths; Distributed feedback lasers; Electromagnetic wave polarization; Near field scanning optical microscopy; Quantum well lasers; Semiconductor lasers; Semicond
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Distance dependence of the local density of states in the near field of a disordered plasmonic film
Castanié, E., V. Krachmalnicoff, A. Cazé, R. Pierrat, Y. De Wilde, and R. Carminati
Optics Letters 37, no. 14, 3006-3008 (2012)
Résumé: We measure the statistical distribution of the photonic local density of states in the near field of a semicontinuous gold film. By varying the distance between the measurement plane and the film, we show that near-field confined modes play a major role in the width of the distribution. Numerical simulations in good agreement with experiments allow us to point out the influence of nonradiative decay channels at short distance. © 2012 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Confined modes; Gold film; Local density of state; Measurement planes; Near fields; Near-field; Nonradiative decay channels; Plasmonic; Semi-continuous; Statistical distribution; Optics; Optoelectronic devices
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Sub-wavelength energy concentration with electrically generated mid-infrared surface plasmons
Bousseksou, A., A. Babuty, J.-P. Tetienne, I. Moldovan-Doyen, R. Braive, G. Beaudoin, I. Sagnes, Y. De Wilde, and R. Colombelli
Optics Express 20, no. 13, 13738-13747 (2012)
Résumé: While freely propagating photons cannot be focused below their diffraction limit, surface-plasmon polaritons follow the metallic surface to which they are bound, and can lead to extremely sub-wavelength energy volumes. These properties are lost at long mid-infrared and THz wavelengths where metals behave as quasi-perfect conductors, but can in principle be recovered by artificially tailoring the surface-plasmon dispersion. We demonstrate - in the important mid-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum - the generation onto a semiconductor chip of plasmonic excitations which can travel along long distances, on bent paths, to be finally focused into a sub-wavelength volume. The demonstration of these advanced functionalities is supported by full near-field characterizations of the electromagnetic field distribution on the surface of the active plasmonic device. © 2012 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Diffraction limits; Electromagnetic field distribution; Electromagnetic spectra; Energy concentration; Energy volume; Metallic surface; Mid-infrared range; Midinfrared; Near-field; Plasmonic; Plasmonic devices; Semiconductor chips; Sub-wavelength; Surface plasmon polaritons; Surface plasmons; Surface-plasmon; Diffraction; Electromagnetic fields; Infrared devices; Metal recovery; Plasmons; Wavelength; article; computer simulation; electromagnetic field; infrared radiation; instrumentation; light;
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Digital heterodyne holography reveals the non-quasi-static scattering behaviour of transversally coupled nanodisk pairs
Suck, S. Y., S. Bidault, N. Bonod, S. Collin, N. Bardou, Y. De Wilde, and G. Tessier
International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012)
Résumé: We reconstruct the full three-dimensional scattering pattern of longitudinal and transverse modes in pairs of coupled gold nanodisks using digital heterodyne holography. Near-field simulations prove that, in our experimental conditions, the induced dipoles in the longitudinal mode are in phase while they are nearly in opposite phase for the transverse mode. The scattering efficiency of the two modes is of the same order of magnitude, which goes against the common belief that antisymmetric transverse modes are dark. The analysis of the reconstructed hologram in the Fourier plane allows us to estimate the angular scattering pattern for both excited modes. In particular, the antisymmetric transverse mode scatters light mostly into one half-plane, demonstrating that the quasi-static approximation breaks down in nanodisk pairs even for an interparticle distance lower than 4. Copyright © 2012 Sarah Y. Suck et al.
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Second-harmonic generation from coupled plasmon modes in a single dimer of gold nanospheres
Slablab, A., L. Le Xuan, M. Zielinski, Y. De Wilde, V. Jacques, D. Chauvat, and J.-F. Roch
Optics Express 20, no. 1, 220-227 (2012)
Résumé: We show that a dimer made of two gold nanospheres exhibits a remarkable efficiency for second-harmonic generation under femtosecond optical excitation. The detectable nonlinear emission for the given particle size and excitation wavelength arises when the two nanoparticles are as close as possible to contact, as in situ controlled and measured using the tip of an atomic force microscope. The excitation wavelength dependence of the second-harmonic signal supports a coupled plasmon resonance origin with radiation from the dimer gap. This nanometer-size light source might be used for high-resolution near-field optical microscopy. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Atomic force microscopes; Coupled plasmon; Excitation wavelength; Femtosecond optical excitation; Gold nanospheres; High resolution; In-situ; Nanometer size; Near field optical microscopy; Nonlinear emissions; Second-harmonic signal; Atomic force microscopy; Gold; Harmonic generation; Light sources; Nanoparticles; Nanospheres; Optical microscopy; Photoexcitation; Plasmons; Harmonic analysis; gold; nanosphere; article; chemistry; dimerization; light; materials testing; methodology; radiation scat
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Design of an integrated coupler for the electrical generation of surface plasmon polaritons
Tetienne, J.-P., A. Bousseksou, D. Costantini, Y. De Wilde, and R. Colombelli
Optics Express 19, no. 19, 18155-18163 (2011)
Résumé: Recently a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) source based on an electrically operated semiconductor laser has been demonstrated. Here we present a numerical investigation of the light-SPP coupling process involved in the device. The problem consists in the coupling via a diffraction grating between a dielectric waveguide mode-the laser mode-and a SPP mode. The issue of the coupling efficiency is discussed, and the dependence on various geometrical parameters of both the grating and the dielectric waveguide is studied in detail. A maximum coupling efficiency of ≈24% is obtained at telecom wavelengths, which could lead to a high-power integrated SPP source when combined to a laser medium. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Coupling efficiency; Coupling process; Electrical generation; Geometrical parameters; High-power; Laser medium; Numerical investigations; Surface plasmon polaritons; Telecom wavelengths; Dielectric waveguides; Electromagnetic wave polarization; Lasers; Particle optics; Phonons; Photons; Plasmons; Quantum theory; Surface plasmon resonance; Waveguides; Semiconductor lasers
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Low temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy on infrared and terahertz photonic-crystal quantum cascade lasers
Moldovan-Doyen, I. C., G. Xu, L. Greusard, G. Sevin, E. Strupiechonski, G. Beaudoin, I. Sagnes, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, R. Colombelli, and Y. De Wilde
Applied Physics Letters 98, no. 23 (2011)
Résumé: We report the development of a scattering-type near-field scanning optical microscope (sNSOM) which operates at temperatures down to 100 K with a scanning range of up to 400 μm. We have used this sNSOM to map the electromagnetic near-field on mid-IR and terahertz (THz) surface emitting quantum cascade lasers with photonic-crystal resonators. Mid-IR devices operate at λ=7.5 μm (40 THz) while THz devices operate at λ≈110 μm (2.7 THz). The near-field images-in agreement with numerical calculations-demonstrate an instrument resolution of 100's nm. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Low temperatures; Near-field; Near-field scanning optical microscope; Scanning range; Surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers; Tera Hertz; THz devices; Infrared lasers; Quantum cascade lasers; Near field scanning optical microscopy
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Imaging the three-dimensional scattering pattern of plasmonic nanodisk chains by digital heterodyne holography
Suck, S. Y., S. Collin, N. Bardou, Y. De Wilde, and G. Tessier
Optics Letters 36, no. 6, 849-851 (2011)
Résumé: Nanoantennas have the unique ability to affect the emission pattern of a dipole in free space. We present a technique based on full-field heterodyne holography for the mapping of the scattered field of plasmonic gold nanodisk chains in all three dimensions. A spectroscopic study allowed us to determine the resonant and nonresonant wavelengths at which we conducted a full characterization of the scattered field on a chosen nanodisk chain. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Emission pattern; Free space; Full-field; Heterodyne holography; Nanoantennas; Nanodisks; Nonresonant; Plasmonic; Scattered field; Scattering pattern; Spectroscopic studies; Three dimensions; Heterodyning; Holography; Spectroscopic analysis; Plasmons
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Injection of midinfrared surface plasmon polaritons with an integrated device
Tetienne, J.-P., A. Bousseksou, D. Costantini, R. Colombelli, A. Babuty, I. Moldovan-Doyen, Y. De Wilde, C. Sirtori, G. Beaudoin, L. Largeau, O. Mauguin, and I. Sagnes
Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 21 (2010)
Résumé: We demonstrate a compact, integrated device in which surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are injected into a passive metal waveguide. We directly excite a SPP mode at a metal-air interface using a room-temperature midinfrared quantum cascade laser which is integrated onto the microchip. The SPP generation relies on end-fire coupling and is demonstrated via both far-field and near-field imaging techniques in the midinfrared. On one hand, a metallic diffraction grating is used to scatter in the far-field a portion of the propagating SPPs, thus allowing their detection with a microbolometer camera. On the other hand, direct images of the generated SPPs in the near-field were collected with a scanning optical microscope. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: End-fire coupling; Far-field; Integrated device; Metal-air interface; Metallic diffraction; Microbolometer; Mid-infrared quantum cascade; Midinfrared; Near field imaging; Near-field; Passive metals; Room temperature; Scanning optical; Surface plasmon polaritons; Imaging techniques; Phonons; Photons; Plasmons; Quantum cascade lasers; Quantum theory; Solids; Waveguides; Surface plasmon resonance
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Fluctuations of the local density of states probe localized surface plasmons on disordered metal films
Krachmalnicoff, V., E. Castanié, Y. De Wilde, and R. Carminati
Physical Review Letters 105, no. 18 (2010)
Résumé: We measure the statistical distribution of the local density of optical states (LDOS) on disordered semicontinuous metal films. We show that LDOS fluctuations exhibit a maximum in a regime where fractal clusters dominate the film surface. These large fluctuations are a signature of surface-plasmon localization on the nanometer scale. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Disordered metals; Film surfaces; Fractal clusters; Local density; Local density of state; Localized surface plasmon; Nano-meter scale; Optical state; Semicontinuous metal films; Statistical distribution; Surface-plasmon; Metallic films; Plasmons; Optical data storage
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Semiconductor surface plasmon sources
Babuty, A., A. Bousseksou, J.-P. Tetienne, I. M. Doyen, C. Sirtori, G. Beaudoin, I. Sagnes, Y. De Wilde, and R. Colombelli
Physical Review Letters 104, no. 22 (2010)
Résumé: Surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are propagating electromagnetic modes bound at a metal-dielectric interface. We report on electrical generation of SPPs by reproducing the analogue in the near field of the slit-doublet experiment, in a device which includes all the building blocks required for a fully integrated plasmonic active source: an electrical generator of SPPs, a coupler, and a passive metallic waveguide. SPPs are generated upon injection of electrical current, and they are then launched at the edges of a passive metallic strip. The interference fringes arising from the plasmonic standing wave on the surface of the metallic strip are unambiguously detected with apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
Mots-clés: Building blockes; Electrical current; Electrical generation; Electrical generators; Electromagnetic modes; Fully integrated; Interference fringe; Metal-dielectric interface; Metallic strips; Metallic waveguide; Near fields; Semi-conductor surfaces; Standing wave; Surface plasmon polaritons; Near field scanning optical microscopy; Plasmons; Surface plasmon resonance; Electric generators
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Chemical nanosensors based on composite molecularly imprinted polymer particles and surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Bompart, M., Y. De Wilde, and K. Haupt
Advanced Materials 22, no. 21, 2343-2348 (2010)
Résumé: (Figure Presented) Chemical nanosensors with a submicrometer core-shell composite design, based on a polymer core, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shell for specific analyte recognition, and an interlayer of gold nanoparticles for signal amplification, are described. SERS measurements on single nanosensors yield detection limits of 10-7 M for the β-blocker propranolol, several orders of magnitude lower than on plain MIP spheres. © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Mots-clés: Analytes; Core-shell composites; Detection limits; Gold Nanoparticles; Molecularly imprinted polymer; Orders of magnitude; Signal amplifications; Submicrometers; Surface enhanced Raman scattering; Amplification; Nanosensors; Raman scattering; Signal processing; Polymers; nanomaterial; polymer; propranolol; article; chemistry; conformation; crystallization; equipment; equipment design; instrumentation; macromolecule; materials testing; methodology; nanotechnology; particle size; surface plasmon r
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Frequency-resolved temperature imaging of integrated circuits with full field heterodyne interferometry
Suck, S. Y., G. Tessier, N. Warnasooriya, A. Babuty, and Y. De Wilde
Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 12 (2010)
Résumé: We report a fast imaging method based on full field heterodyne interferometry for the purpose of frequency resolved temperature imaging. An integrated circuit is supplied with a modulated current resulting into a temperature modulation. The frequency content for this modulation is detected using an object beam and a reference beam, frequency-shifted to create a beating of the interference pattern. We obtain frequency domain spectra of the temperature with excellent precision. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Fast imaging; Frequency contents; Frequency domains; Full-field; Heterodyne interferometry; Interference patterns; Modulated current; Object beam; Reference beams; Temperature imaging; Temperature modulation; Heterodyning; Integrated circuits; Interferometry; Light measurement
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Transient thermoreflectance imaging of active photonic crystals
Moreau, V., G. Tessier, F. Raineri, M. Brunstein, A. Yacomotti, R. Raj, I. Sagnes, A. Levenson, and Y. De Wilde
Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 9 (2010)
Résumé: Transient thermoreflectance imaging is used to study the dynamics of the temperature inside active two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs). We developed a pump-probe setup suited for optically pumped devices that presents submicrosecond time resolution and submicrometer spatial resolution. Characteristic thermal dissipation times of 429 ns in a PhC Bloch mode cavity and of 999 ns in a PhC membrane are measured. This technique gives also access to the diffusivity of the suspended PhC. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Active photonic crystals; Bloch modes; Diffusivities; Optically pumped; Pump-probe; Spatial resolution; Sub-microsecond; Submicrometers; Thermal dissipation; Time resolution; Transient thermoreflectance; Two-dimensional photonic crystals; Photonic crystals
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Direct detection of analyte binding to single molecularly imprinted polymer particles by confocal Raman spectroscopy
Bompart, M., L. A. Gheber, Y. De Wilde, and K. Haupt
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25, no. 3, 568-571 (2009)
Résumé: We describe the use of Raman spectroscopy to detect and quantify, for the first time, the presence of the imprinting template in single molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres. The polymers were imprinted with the β-blocking drugs propranolol and atenolol, and precipitation polymerization was used to obtain spherical particles of diameters of 200 nm and 1.5 μm. The size of the Raman laser spot being between 1 μm and a few μm, the nanoparticles were used for bulk detection whereas with micrometer-sized particles, quantitative measurements on single particles were possible. The laser power, and consequently the acquisition times, needed to be adapted as a function of the polymer and template used in order to avoid burning. Analyte quantification from Raman spectra is straightforward by determining the peak height of a typical Raman band of the analyte, and by using a typical polymer peak for normalization. Relatively low detection limits down to 1 μM have been reached for the detection of S-propranolol through bulk measurements on MIP nanoparticles. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mots-clés: Confocal Raman spectroscopy; Microsphere; Molecular imprinting; Molecular recognition; Synthetic receptor; Acquisition time; Analytes; Atenolol; Bulk measurement; Confocal Raman spectroscopy; Direct detection; Laser power; Low detection limit; Micrometer sized particles; Molecular imprinting; Molecularly Imprinted Polymer; Peak height; Precipitation polymerizations; Quantitative measurement; Raman bands; Raman lasers; Raman spectra; Single particle; Spherical particle; Synthetic receptor; Micros
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The role of hydration in the wetting of a soluble polymer
Monteux, C., A. Tay, T. Narita, Y. De Wilde, and F. Lequeux
Soft Matter 5, no. 19, 3713-3717 (2009)
Résumé: By forcing a contact line to advance on the polymeric deposit left by a drying polymer droplet, we have been able to measure the contact angle of water on an hydrosoluble polymer substrate. Measuring simultaneously the contact angle and the hydration of the polymer, we show that a dry layer of hydrosoluble polymer is poorly wetting because of the hydrophobic backbone of the polymer, which segregates at the surface. © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Mots-clés: Contact lines; Polymer droplets; Polymer substrate; Soluble polymers; Contact angle; Hydration; Wetting; Polymers
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Thermo-optical dynamics in an optically pumped Photonic Crystal nano-cavity
Brunstein, M., R. Braive, R. Hostein, A. Beveratos, I. Robert-Philip, I. Sagnes, T. J. Karle, A. M. Yacomotti, J. A. Levenson, V. Moreau, G. Tessier, and Y. De Wilde
Optics Express 17, no. 19, 17118-17129 (2009)
Résumé: Linear and non-linear thermo-optical dynamical regimes were investigated in a photonic crystal cavity. First, we have measured the thermal relaxation time in an InP-based nano-cavity with quantum dots in the presence of optical pumping. The experimental method presented here allows one to obtain the dynamics of temperature in a nanocavity based on reflectivity measurements of a cw probe beam coupled through an adiabatically tapered fiber. Characteristic times of 1.0±0.2μs and 0.9±0.2 μs for the heating and the cooling processes were obtained. Finally, thermal dynamics were also investigated in a thermo-optical bistable regime. Switch-on/off times of 2 μs and 4 μs respectively were measured, which could be explained in terms of a simple non-linear dynamical representation. ©2008 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Bistables; Cooling process; Dynamical regime; Experimental methods; InP; Nano-cavities; Non-linear; Optically pumped; Photonic crystal cavities; Probe beam; Quantum Dot; Reflectivity measurements; Tapered fiber; Thermal dynamics; Thermal relaxation time; Thermo-optical; Photonic crystals; Semiconductor quantum dots; Optical pumping
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A semiconductor laser device for the generation of surface-plasmons upon electrical injection
Bousseksou, A., R. Colombelli, A. Babuty, Y. De Wilde, Y. Chassagneux, C. Sirtori, Gpatriarche, Gbeaudoin, and I. Sagnes
Optics Express 17, no. 11, 9391-9400 (2009)
Résumé: Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves originating from electrons and light oscillations at metallic surfaces. Since freely propagating light cannot be coupled directly into surface-plasmon modes, a compact, semiconductor electrical device capable of generating SPs on the device top metallic surface would represent an advantage: not only SP manipulation would become easier, but Au-metalized surfaces can be easily functionalized for applications. Here, we report a demonstration of such a device. The direct proof of surface-plasmon generation is obtained with apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy, which detects the presence of an intense, evanescent electric field above the device metallic surface upon electrical injection. © 2009 Optical Society of America.
Mots-clés: Electrical devices; Electrical injection; Functionalized; Metallic surface; Surface plasmons; Surface-plasmon; Electric fields; Lasers; Metallic compounds; Near field scanning optical microscopy; Optical data storage; Plasmons; Semiconductor lasers; Surface measurement; Electric generators; article; computer aided design; diode laser; electronics; equipment; equipment design; instrumentation; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; surface plasmon resonance; Computer-Aided Design; Electron
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Intracavity near-field optical imaging of a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser mode
Lemoine, P.-A., V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa
Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology 149, no. 3, 270-274 (2008)
Résumé: We report the direct imaging of Fabry-Pérot standing waves inside the cavity of a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser via apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy. The quantum cascade devices employed present an evanescent wave at the top surface, whose magnitude is directly proportional to the cavity mode intensity in the device core region. Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy measurements provide experimental results about the nature of this evanescent field in good agreement with calculations (effective index and electric field decay length). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mots-clés: Evanescent fields; Near-field microscopy; Quantum cascade lasers; Semiconductor lasers; SNOM; Electric fields; Fabry-Perot interferometers; Near field scanning optical microscopy; Semiconductor lasers; Standing wave meters; Apertureless scanning; Electric field decay length; Evanescent fields; Quantum cascade devices; Quantum cascade lasers
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Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy
Moreau, V., M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A. Lemoine, Y. De Wilde, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa
Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 20 (2007)
Résumé: Fabry-Ṕrot standing waves inside a midinfrared quantum cascade laser have been imaged using an apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope. The devices emit at λ≈7.7 μm and they feature air-confinement waveguides, with the optical mode guided at the semiconductor-air interface. A consistent portion of the mode leaks evanescently from the device top surface and can be detected in the near field of the device. Imaging of the evanescent wave across a plane parallel to the device surface allows one to directly assess the effective light wavelength inside the laser material, yielding the effective index of refraction. Imaging across a plane perpendicular to the device surface allows one to directly measure the electric field decay length, which is found in excellent agreement with the numerical simulations. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.
Mots-clés: Computer simulation; Imaging systems; Interfaces (materials); Optical microscopy; Optical waveguides; Refractive index; Apertureless scanning; Electric field decay length; Optical mode guided; Standing waves; Semiconductor lasers
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Thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscopy
De Wilde, Y., F. Formanek, R. Carminati, B. Gralak, P.-A. Lemoine, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, Y. Chen, and J.-J. Greffet
Nature 444, no. 7120, 740-743 (2006)
Résumé: In standard near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a subwavelength probe acts as an optical 'stethoscope' to map the near field produced at the sample surface by external illumination. This technique has been applied using visible, infrared, terahertz and gigahertz radiation to illuminate the sample, providing a resolution well beyond the diffraction limit. NSOM is well suited to study surface waves such as surface plasmons or surface-phonon polaritons. Using an aperture NSOM with visible laser illumination, a near-field interference pattern around a corral structure has been observed, whose features were similar to the scanning tunnelling microscope image of the electronic waves in a quantum corral. Here we describe an infrared NSOM that operates without any external illumination: it is a near-field analogue of a night-vision camera, making use of the thermal infrared evanescent fields emitted by the surface, and behaves as an optical scanning tunnelling microscope. We therefore term this instrument a 'thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscope' (TRSTM). We show the first TRSTM images of thermally excited surface plasmons, and demonstrate spatial coherence effects in near-field thermal emission. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group.
Mots-clés: diffraction; scanning tunnelling microscopy; temperature effect; article; illumination; infrared radiation; microscope; near field scanning optical microscopy; priority journal; radiation; scanning tunneling microscopy; signal detection; surface plasmon resonance; thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscopy
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Investigation of dyed human hair fibres using apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy
Formanek, F., Y. De Wilde, G. S. Luengo, and B. Querleux
Journal of Microscopy 224, no. 2, 197-202 (2006)
Résumé: We present the first studies of dyed human hair fibres performed with an apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope. Samples consisted of 5-μm-thick cross-sections, the hair fibres being bleached and then dyed before being cut. Hair dyed with two molecular probes diffusing deep inside the fibre or mainly spreading at its periphery were investigated at a wavelength of 655 nm. An optical resolution of about 50 nm was achieved, well below the diffraction limit; the images exhibited different optical contrasts in the cuticle region, depending on the nature of the dye. Our results suggest that the dye that remains confined at the hair periphery is mainly located at its surface and in the endocuticle. © 2006 The Royal Microscopical Society.
Mots-clés: Cuticle; Dye; Human hair; Near-field optical microscopy; dye; article; bleaching; contrast; controlled study; cuticle; diffraction; hair; hair analysis; human; molecular probe; optical resolution; priority journal; sample; scanning near field optical microscopy; staining; Hair; Hair Dyes; Humans; Microscopy; Microscopy, Confocal; Nanotechnology
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Strong tip-sample coupling in thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscopy
Joulain, K., P. Ben-Abdallah, P.-O. Chapuis, Y. De Wilde, A. Babuty, and C. Henkel
Journal Of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 136, 1-15 (2014)
Mots-clés: Near-field thermal radiation; Infrared radiation; Local density of states; Scanning near-field optical microscopy; Tip-sample interactions; Local spectroscopy
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