Abstract: We report on the scattering of a plane wave from a vertically oscillating plate in the low frequency approximation by means of Floquet theory. In the case of a static plate, the scattering coefficients are evaluated via mode matching method for the full two-dimensional linearized water wave problem and are compared with the coefficients obtained from a reduced one-dimensional model in the shallow water approximation. The main part of the analysis is the extension of this 1D shallow water approximation to the case of a vertically oscillating plate, where time modulation is only encapsulated in the blockage coefficient. We show that the incident wave is scattered into Floquet sidebands and extract the scattering coefficients for each harmonic using a Floquet scattering formalism. Finally, considering a slowly oscillating plate, we propose a quasistatic approximation which appears to be particularly accurate.

Abstract: Objective: To document the aspect, topography and morphometry of normal human choroidal arteries in the posterior pole by laser Doppler holography (LDH) and OCT. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Fifty-four eyes of 27 healthy subjects. Methods: A prototypic LDH system captured the laser Doppler shift of the choroidal circulation within the central 20°. Doppler shifts were filtered to extract high velocity vessels. Images of choroidal arteries identified by LDH were subsequently registered with en face and cross-sectional OCT images. Subsequently, the diameters of macular choroidal arteries and their correlation to central choroidal thickness was measured on OCT B-scans. Main Outcome Measures: Spatial disposition, distribution, and diameters of choroidal arteries. Results: Choroidal arteries were identified by LDH and OCT from their emergence from short posterior ciliary arteries (sPCAs), and could be traced to second and third divisions. In the 8 eyes that underwent LDH, 7 of 8 (88%) showed a horizontal first-order artery within 0.5 disc diameter from the fovea. OCT B-scans showed that first-order arteries were located along the sclera-choroid interface; around arteries, the choroidal tissue formed a pyramid-shaped avascular structure with a posterior base contiguous and isoreflective to the sclera. In a cohort of 49 eyes, the diameter of horizontal submacular arteries (average [± standard deviation] 136.3 μm [±47]; range, 70–209 μm) was weakly correlated to central choroidal thickness (P = 0.09). Conclusions: First-order choroidal arteries emerging from sPCAs are located along the sclerochoroidal interface and are surrounded by a pyramid-shaped avascular space, which contributes to differentiate them from veins. The majority of normal eye show a submacular first-order artery running horizontally toward the temporal periphery. These results will pave the way for a better knowledge of diseases affecting the choroidal circulation. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Abstract: We present a semi-analytical approach to compute quasi-guided elastic wave modes in horizontally layered structures radiating into unbounded fluid or solid media. This problem is of relevance, e.g., for the simulation of guided ultrasound in embedded plate structures or seismic waves in soil layers over an elastic half-space. We employ a semi-analytical formulation to describe the layers, thus discretizing the thickness direction by means of finite elements. For a free layer, this technique leads to a well-known quadratic eigenvalue problem for the mode shapes and corresponding horizontal wavenumbers. Incorporating the coupling conditions to account for the adjacent half-spaces gives rise to additional terms that are nonlinear in the wavenumber. We show that the resulting nonlinear eigenvalue problem can be cast in the form of a multiparameter eigenvalue problem whose solutions represent the wave numbers in the plate and in the half-spaces. The multiparameter eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using recently developed algorithms. Matlab implementations of the proposed methods are publicly available.